ANNEX I

[PART-FCL]

SUBPART A

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

FCL.001   Competent authority

For the purpose of this Part, the competent authority shall be an authority designated by the Member State to whom a person applies for the issue of pilot licences or associated ratings or certificates.

FCL.005   Scope

This Part establishes the requirements for the issue of pilot licences and associated ratings and certificates and the conditions of their validity and use.

FCL.010   Definitions

For the purposes of this Part, the following definitions apply:

‘Aerobatic flight’ means an intentional manoeuvre involving an abrupt change in an aircraft’s attitude, an abnormal attitude, or abnormal acceleration, not necessary for normal flight or for instruction for licences or ratings other than the aerobatic rating.

‘Aeroplane’ means an engine-driven fixed-wing aircraft heavier than air which is supported in flight by the dynamic reaction of the air against its wings.

‘Aeroplane required to be operated with a co-pilot’ means a type of aeroplane which is required to be operated with a co-pilot as specified in the flight manual or by the air operator certificate.

‘Aircraft’ means any machine which can derive support in the atmosphere from the reactions of the air other than the reactions of the air against the earth’s surface.

‘Airmanship’ means the consistent use of good judgement and well-developed knowledge, skills and attitudes to accomplish flight objectives.

‘Airship’ means a power-driven lighter-than-air aircraft, with the exception of hot-air airships, which, for the purposes of this Part, are included in the definition of balloon.

‘Balloon’ means a lighter-than-air aircraft which is not engine-driven and sustains flight through the use of either gas or an airborne heater. For the purposes of this Part, a hot-air airship, although engine-driven, is also considered a balloon.

‘Basic Instrument Training Device’ (BITD) means a ground-based training device which represents the student pilot’s station of a class of aeroplanes. It may use screen-based instrument panels and spring-loaded flight controls, providing a training platform for at least the procedural aspects of instrument flight.

‘Category of aircraft’ means a categorisation of aircraft according to specified basic characteristics, for example aeroplane, powered-lift, helicopter, airship, sailplane, free balloon.

‘Class of aeroplane’ means a categorisation of single-pilot aeroplanes not requiring a type rating.

‘Class of balloon’ means a categorisation of balloons taking into account the lifting means used to sustain flight.

‘Commercial air transport’ means the transport of passengers, cargo or mail for remuneration or hire.

‘Competency’ means a combination of skills, knowledge and attitude required to perform a task to the prescribed standard.

‘Competency element’ means an action which constitutes a task that has a triggering event and a terminating event that clearly defines its limits, and an observable outcome.

‘Competency unit’ means a discrete function consisting of a number of competency elements.

‘Co-pilot’ means a pilot operating other than as pilot-in-command, on an aircraft for which more than one pilot is required, but excluding a pilot who is on board the aircraft for the sole purpose of receiving flight instruction for a licence or rating.

‘Cross-country’ means a flight between a point of departure and a point of arrival following a pre-planned route, using standard navigation procedures.

‘Cruise relief co-pilot’ means a pilot who relieves the co-pilot of his/her duties at the controls during the cruise phase of a flight in multi-pilot operations above FL 200.

‘Dual instruction time’ means flight time or instrument ground time during which a person is receiving flight instruction from a properly authorised instructor.

‘Error’ means an action or inaction taken by the flight crew which leads to deviations from organisational or flight intentions or expectations.

‘Error management’ means the process of detecting and responding to errors with countermeasures which reduce or eliminate the consequences of errors, and mitigate the probability of errors or undesired aircraft states.

‘Full Flight Simulator’ (FFS) means a full size replica of a specific type or make, model and series aircraft flight deck, including the assemblage of all equipment and computer programmes necessary to represent the aircraft in ground and flight operations, a visual system providing an out-of-the-flight deck view, and a force cueing motion system.

‘Flight time’:   for aeroplanes, touring motor gliders and powered-lift, it means the total time from the moment an aircraft first moves for the purpose of taking off until the moment it finally comes to rest at the end of the flight;   for helicopters, it means the total time from the moment a helicopter’s rotor blades start turning until the moment the helicopter finally comes to rest at the end of the flight, and the rotor blades are stopped;   for airships, it means the total time from the moment an airship is released from the mast for the purpose of taking off until the moment the airship finally comes to rest at the end of the flight, and is secured on the mast;   for sailplanes, it means the total time from the moment the sailplane commences the ground run in the process of taking off until the moment the sailplane finally comes to a rest at the end of flight;   for balloons, it means the total time from the moment the basket leaves the ground for the purpose of taking off until the moment it finally comes to a rest at the end of the flight.

‘Flight time under Instrument Flight Rules’ (IFR) means all flight time during which the aircraft is being operated under the Instrument Flight Rules.

‘Flight Training Device’ (FTD) means a full size replica of a specific aircraft type’s instruments, equipment, panels and controls in an open flight deck area or an enclosed aircraft flight deck, including the assemblage of equipment and computer software programmes necessary to represent the aircraft in ground and flight conditions to the extent of the systems installed in the device. It does not require a force cueing motion or visual system, except in the case of helicopter FTD levels 2 and 3, where visual systems are required.

‘Flight and Navigation Procedures Trainer’ (FNPT) means a training device which represents the flight deck or cockpit environment, including the assemblage of equipment and computer programmes necessary to represent an aircraft type or class in flight operations to the extent that the systems appear to function as in an aircraft.

‘Group of balloons’ means a categorisation of balloons, taking into account the size or capacity of the envelope.

‘Helicopter’ means a heavier-than-air aircraft supported in flight chiefly by the reactions of the air on one or more power-driven rotors on substantially vertical axes.

‘Instrument flight time’ means the time during which a pilot is controlling an aircraft in flight solely by reference to instruments.

‘Instrument ground time’ means the time during which a pilot is receiving instruction in simulated instrument flight, in flight simulation training devices (FSTD).

‘Instrument time’ means instrument flight time or instrument ground time.

‘Multi-pilot operation’:   for aeroplanes, it means an operation requiring at least 2 pilots using multi-crew cooperation in either multi-pilot or single-pilot aeroplanes;   for helicopters, it means an operation requiring at least 2 pilots using multi-crew cooperation on multi-pilot helicopters.

‘Multi-crew cooperation’ (MCC) means the functioning of the flight crew as a team of cooperating members led by the pilot-in-command.

‘Multi-pilot aircraft’:   for aeroplanes, it means aeroplanes certificated for operation with a minimum crew of at least two pilots;   for helicopters, airships and powered-lift aircraft, it means the type of aircraft which is required to be operated with a co-pilot as specified in the flight manual or by the air operator certificate or equivalent document.

‘Night’ means the period between the end of evening civil twilight and the beginning of morning civil twilight or such other period between sunset and sunrise as may be prescribed by the appropriate authority, as defined by the Member State.

‘Other training devices’ (OTD) means training aids other than flight simulators, flight training devices or flight and navigation procedures trainers which provide means for training where a complete flight deck environment is not necessary.

‘Performance criteria’ means a simple, evaluative statement on the required outcome of the competency element and a description of the criteria used to judge if the required level of performance has been achieved.

‘Pilot-in-command’ (PIC) means the pilot designated as being in command and charged with the safe conduct of the flight.

‘Pilot-in-command under supervision’ (PICUS) means a co-pilot performing, under the supervision of the pilot-in-command, the duties and functions of a pilot-in-command.

‘Powered-lift aircraft’ means any aircraft deriving vertical lift and in flight propulsion/lift from variable geometry rotors or engines/propulsive devices attached to or contained within the fuselage or wings.

‘Powered sailplane’ means an aircraft equipped with one or more engines having, with engines inoperative, the characteristics of a sailplane.

‘Private pilot’ means a pilot who holds a licence which prohibits the piloting of aircraft in operations for which remuneration is given, with the exclusion of instruction or examination activities, as established in this Part.

‘Proficiency check’ means the demonstration of skill to revalidate or renew ratings, and including such oral examination as may be required.

‘Renewal’ (of, e.g. a rating or certificate) means the administrative action taken after a rating or certificate has lapsed for the purpose of renewing the privileges of the rating or certificate for a further specified period consequent upon the fulfilment of specified requirements.

‘Revalidation’ (of, e.g. a rating or certificate) means the administrative action taken within the period of validity of a rating or certificate which allows the holder to continue to exercise the privileges of a rating or certificate for a further specified period consequent upon the fulfilment of specified requirements.

‘Route sector’ means a flight comprising take-off, departure, cruise of not less than 15 minutes, arrival, approach and landing phases.

‘Sailplane’ means a heavier-than-air aircraft which is supported in flight by the dynamic reaction of the air against its fixed lifting surfaces, the free flight of which does not depend on an engine.

‘Single-pilot aircraft’ means an aircraft certificated for operation by one pilot.

‘Skill test’ means the demonstration of skill for a licence or rating issue, including such oral examination as may be required.

‘Solo flight time’ means flight time during which a student pilot is the sole occupant of an aircraft.

‘Student pilot-in-command’ (SPIC) means a student pilot acting as pilot-in-command on a flight with an instructor where the latter will only observe the student pilot and shall not influence or control the flight of the aircraft.

‘Threat’ means events or errors which occur beyond the influence of the flight crew, increase operational complexity and which must be managed to maintain the margin of safety.

‘Threat management’ means the process of detecting and responding to the threats with countermeasures which reduce or eliminate the consequences of threats, and mitigate the probability of errors or undesired aircraft states.

‘Touring Motor Glider’ (TMG) means a specific class of powered sailplane having an integrally mounted, non-retractable engine and a non-retractable propeller. It shall be capable of taking off and climbing under its own power according to its flight manual.

‘Type of aircraft’ means a categorisation of aircraft requiring a type rating as determined in the operational suitability data established in accordance with Part-21, and which include all aircraft of the same basic design including all modifications thereto except those which result in a change in handling or flight characteristics.

FCL.015   Application and issue of licences, ratings and certificates

(a)   An application for the issue, revalidation or renewal of pilot licences and associated ratings and certificates shall be submitted to the competent authority in a form and manner established by this authority. The application shall be accompanied by evidence that the applicant complies with the requirements for the issue, revalidation or renewal of the licence or certificate as well as associated ratings or endorsements, established in this Part and Part-Medical.

(b)   Any limitation or extension of the privileges granted by a licence, rating or certificate shall be endorsed in the licence or certificate by the competent authority.

(c)   A person shall not hold at any time more than one licence per category of aircraft issued in accordance with this Part.

(d)   An application for the issue of a licence for another category of aircraft, or for the issue of further ratings or certificates, as well as an amendment, revalidation or renewal of those licences, ratings or certificates shall be submitted to the competent authority which initially issued the pilot licence, except when the pilot has requested a change of competent authority and a transfer of his licensing and medical records to that authority.

FCL.020   Student pilot

A student pilot shall not fly solo unless authorised to do so and supervised by a flight instructor.

Before his/her first solo flight, a student pilot shall be at least:

in the case of aeroplanes, helicopters and airships: 16 years of age;

in the case of sailplanes and balloons: 14 years of age.

FCL.025   Theoretical knowledge examinations for the issue of licences

(a)   Responsibilities of the applicant

(1)	Applicants shall take the entire set of examinations for a specific licence or rating under the responsibility of one Member State.

(2)	Applicants shall only take the examination when recommended by the approved training organisation (ATO) responsible for their training, once they have completed the appropriate elements of the training course of theoretical knowledge instruction to a satisfactory standard.

(3)	The recommendation by an ATO shall be valid for 12 months. If the applicant has failed to attempt at least one theoretical knowledge examination paper within this period of validity, the need for further training shall be determined by the ATO, based on the needs of the applicant.

(b)   Pass standards

(1)	A pass in an examination paper will be awarded to an applicant achieving at least 75 % of the marks allocated to that paper. There is no penalty marking.

(2)

Unless otherwise determined in this Part, an applicant has successfully completed the required theoretical knowledge examination for the appropriate pilot licence or rating when he/she has passed all the required examination papers within a period of 18 months counted from the end of the calendar month when the applicant first attempted an examination.

(3)	If an applicant has failed to pass one of the examination papers within 4 attempts, or has failed to pass all papers within either 6 sittings or the period mentioned in paragraph (2), he/she shall re-take the complete set of examination papers.

Before re-taking the examinations, the applicant shall undertake further training at an ATO. The extent and scope of the training needed shall be determined by the training organisation, based on the needs of the applicant.

(c)   Validity period

(1)

The successful completion of the theoretical knowledge examinations will be valid: (i) for the issue of a light aircraft pilot licence, a private pilot licence, a sailplane pilot licence or a balloon pilot licence, for a period of 24 months; (ii) for the issue of a commercial pilot licence or instrument rating (IR), for a period of 36 months; (iii) the periods in (i) and (ii) shall be counted from the day when the pilot successfully completes the theoretical knowledge examination, in accordance with (b)(2).

(2)

The completion of the airline transport pilot licence (ATPL) theoretical knowledge examinations will remain valid for the issue of an ATPL for a period of 7 years from the last validity date of: (i) an IR entered in the licence; or (ii) in the case of helicopters, a helicopter’s type rating entered in that licence.

FCL.030   Practical skill test

(a)   Before a skill test for the issue of a licence, rating or certificate is taken, the applicant shall have passed the required theoretical knowledge examination, except in the case of applicants undergoing a course of integrated flying training.

In any case, the theoretical knowledge instruction shall always have been completed before the skill tests are taken.

(b)   Except for the issue of an airline transport pilot licence, the applicant for a skill test shall be recommended for the test by the organisation/person responsible for the training, once the training is completed. The training records shall be made available to the examiner.

FCL.035   Crediting of flight time and theoretical knowledge

(a)   Crediting of flight time

(1)	Unless otherwise specified in this Part, flight time to be credited for a licence, rating or certificate shall have been flown in the same category of aircraft for which the licence or rating is sought.

(2)

Pilot-in command or under instruction. (i) An applicant for a licence, rating or certificate shall be credited in full with all solo, dual instruction or PIC flight time towards the total flight time required for the licence, rating or certificate. (ii) A graduate of an ATP integrated training course is entitled to be credited with up to 50 hours of student pilot-in-command instrument time towards the PIC time required for the issue of the airline transport pilot licence, commercial pilot licence and a multi-engine type or class rating. (iii) A graduate of a CPL/IR integrated training course is entitled to be credited with up to 50 hours of the student pilot-in-command instrument time towards the PIC time required for the issue of the commercial pilot licence and a multi-engine type or class rating.

(3)	Flight time as co-pilot. Unless otherwise determined in this Part, the holder of a pilot licence, when acting as co-pilot or PICUS, is entitled to be credited with all of the co-pilot time towards the total flight time required for a higher grade of pilot licence.

(b)   Crediting of theoretical knowledge

(1)

An applicant having passed the theoretical knowledge examination for an airline transport pilot licence shall be credited with the theoretical knowledge requirements for the light aircraft pilot licence, the private pilot licence, the commercial pilot licence and, except in the case of helicopters, the IR in the same category of aircraft.

(2)	An applicant having passed the theoretical knowledge examination for a commercial pilot licence shall be credited with the theoretical knowledge requirement for a light aircraft pilot licence or a private pilot licence in the same category of aircraft.

(3)	The holder of an IR or an applicant having passed the instrument theoretical knowledge examination for a category of aircraft shall be fully credited towards the requirements for the theoretical knowledge instruction and examination for an IR in another category of aircraft.

(4)	The holder of a pilot licence shall be credited towards the requirements for theoretical knowledge instruction and examination for a licence in another category of aircraft in accordance with Appendix 1 to this Part.

This credit also applies to applicants for a pilot licence who have already successfully completed the theoretical knowledge examinations for the issue of that licence in another category of aircraft, as long as it is within the validity period specified in FCL.025(c).

FCL.040   Exercise of the privileges of licences

The exercise of the privileges granted by a licence shall be dependent upon the validity of the ratings contained therein, if applicable, and of the medical certificate.

FCL.045   Obligation to carry and present documents

(a)   A valid licence and a valid medical certificate shall always be carried by the pilot when exercising the privileges of the licence.

(b)   The pilot shall also carry a personal identification document containing his/her photo.

(c)   A pilot or a student pilot shall without undue delay present his/her flight time record for inspection upon request by an authorised representative of a competent authority.

(d)   A student pilot shall carry on all solo cross-country flights evidence of the authorisation required by FCL.020(a).

FCL.050   Recording of flight time

The pilot shall keep a reliable record of the details of all flights flown in a form and manner established by the competent authority.

FCL.055   Language proficiency

(a)   General. Aeroplane, helicopter, powered-lift and airship pilots required to use the radio telephone shall not exercise the privileges of their licences and ratings unless they have a language proficiency endorsement on their licence in either English or the language used for radio communications involved in the flight. The endorsement shall indicate the language, the proficiency level and the validity date.

(b)   The applicant for a language proficiency endorsement shall demonstrate, in accordance with Appendix 2 to this Part, at least an operational level of language proficiency both in the use of phraseologies and plain language. To do so, the applicant shall demonstrate the ability to:

(1)	communicate effectively in voice-only and in face-to-face situations;

(2)	communicate on common and work-related topics with accuracy and clarity;

(3)	use appropriate communicative strategies to exchange messages and to recognise and resolve misunderstandings in a general or work-related context;

(4)	handle successfully the linguistic challenges presented by a complication or unexpected turn of events which occurs within the context of a routine work situation or communicative task with which they are otherwise familiar; and

(5)	use a dialect or accent which is intelligible to the aeronautical community.

(c)   Except for pilots who have demonstrated language proficiency at an expert level, in accordance with Appendix 2 to this Part, the language proficiency endorsement shall be re-evaluated every:

(1)	4 years, if the level demonstrated is operational level; or

(2)	6 years, if the level demonstrated is extended level.

(d)   Specific requirements for holders of an instrument rating (IR). Without prejudice to the paragraphs above, holders of an IR shall have demonstrated the ability to use the English language at a level that allows them to:

(1)	understand all the information relevant to the accomplishment of all phases of a flight, including flight preparation;

(2)	use radio telephony in all phases of flight, including emergency situations;

(3)	communicate with other crew members during all phases of flight, including flight preparation.

(e)   The demonstration of language proficiency and of the use of English for IR holders shall be done through a method of assessment established by the competent authority.

FCL.060   Recent experience

(a)   Balloons. A pilot shall not operate a balloon in commercial air transport or carrying passengers unless he/she has completed in the preceding 180 days:

(1)	at least 3 flights as a pilot flying in a balloon, of which at least 1 shall be in a balloon of the relevant class and group; or

(2)	1 flight in the relevant class and group of balloon under the supervision of an instructor qualified in accordance with Subpart J.

(b)   Aeroplanes, helicopters, powered-lift, airships and sailplanes. A pilot shall not operate an aircraft in commercial air transport or carrying passengers:

(1)

as PIC or co-pilot unless he/she has carried out, in the preceding 90 days, at least 3 take-offs, approaches and landings in an aircraft of the same type or class or an FFS representing that type or class. The 3 take-offs and landings shall be performed in either multi-pilot or single-pilot operations, depending on the privileges held by the pilot; and

(2)	as PIC at night unless he/she: (i) has carried out in the preceding 90 days at least 1 take-off, approach and landing at night as a pilot flying in an aircraft of the same type or class or an FFS representing that type or class; or (ii) holds an IR;

(3)

as cruise relief co-pilot unless he/she: (i) has complied with the requirements in (b)(1); or (ii) has carried out in the preceding 90 days at least 3 sectors as a cruise relief pilot on the same type or class of aircraft; or (iii) has carried out recency and refresher flying skill training in an FFS at intervals not exceeding 90 days. This refresher training may be combined with the operator’s refresher training prescribed in Part-OR.OPS.

(4)	When a pilot has the privilege to operate more than one type of aeroplane with similar handling and operation characteristics, the 3 take-offs, approaches and landings required in (1) may be performed as defined in the operational suitability data established in accordance with Part-21.

(5)

When a pilot has the privilege to operate more than one type of non-complex helicopter with similar handling and operation characteristics, as defined in the operational suitability data established in accordance with Part-21, the 3 take-offs, approaches and landings required in (1) may be performed in just one of the types, provided that the pilot has completed at least 2 hours of flight in each of the types of helicopter, during the preceding 6 months.

(c)   Specific requirements for commercial air transport:

(1)	In the case of commercial air transport, the 90-day period prescribed in subparagraphs (b)(1) and (2) above may be extended up to a maximum of 120 days, as long as the pilot undertakes line flying under the supervision of a type rating instructor or examiner.

(2)	When the pilot does not comply with the requirement in (1), he/she shall complete a training flight in the aircraft or an FFS of the aircraft type to be used, which shall include at least the requirements described in (b)(1) and (2) before he/she can exercise his/her privileges.

FCL.065   Curtailment of privileges of licence holders aged 60 years or more in commercial air transport

(a)   Age 60-64. Aeroplanes and helicopters. The holder of a pilot licence who has attained the age of 60 years shall not act as a pilot of an aircraft engaged in commercial air transport except:

(1)	as a member of a multi-pilot crew; and

(2)	provided that such a holder is the only pilot in the flight crew who has attained the age of 60 years.

(b)   Age 65. The holder of a pilot licence who has attained the age of 65 years shall not act as a pilot of an aircraft engaged in commercial air transport.

FCL.070   Revocation, suspension and limitation of licences, ratings and certificates

(a)   Licences, ratings and certificates issued in accordance with this Part may be limited, suspended or revoked by the competent authority when the pilot does not comply with the requirements of this Part, Part-Medical or the applicable operational requirements, in accordance with the conditions and procedures laid down in Part-ARA.

(b)   When the pilot has his/her licence suspended or revoked, he/she shall immediately return the licence or certificate to the competent authority.

SUBPART B

LIGHT AIRCRAFT PILOT LICENCE — LAPL

SECTION 1

Common requirements

FCL.100   LAPL — Minimum age

Applicants for the LAPL shall be:

(a)	in the case of aeroplanes and helicopters, at least 17 years of age;

(b)	in the case of sailplanes and balloons, at least 16 years of age.

FCL.105   LAPL — Privileges and conditions

(a)   General. The privileges of the holder of an LAPL are to act without remuneration as PIC in non-commercial operations on the appropriate aircraft category.

(b)   Conditions. Applicants for the LAPL shall have fulfilled the requirements for the relevant aircraft category and, when applicable, for the class or type of aircraft used in the skill test.

FCL.110   LAPL — Crediting for the same aircraft category

(a)   Applicants for an LAPL who have held another licence in the same category of aircraft shall be fully credited towards the requirements of the LAPL in that category of aircraft.

(b)   Without prejudice to the paragraph above, if the licence has lapsed, the applicant shall have to pass a skill test in accordance with FCL.125 for the issue of an LAPL in the appropriate aircraft category.

FCL.115   LAPL — Training course

Applicants for an LAPL shall complete a training course within an ATO. The course shall include theoretical knowledge and flight instruction appropriate to the privileges given.

FCL.120   LAPL — Theoretical knowledge examination

Applicants for an LAPL shall demonstrate a level of theoretical knowledge appropriate to the privileges granted, through examinations on the following:

(a)	common subjects: — Air law, — Human performance, — Meteorology, and — Communications;

(b)	specific subjects concerning the different aircraft categories: — Principles of flight, — Operational procedures, — Flight performance and planning, — Aircraft general knowledge, and — Navigation.

FCL.125   LAPL — Skill test

(a)   Applicants for an LAPL shall demonstrate through the completion of a skill test the ability to perform, as PIC on the appropriate aircraft category, the relevant procedures and manoeuvres with competency appropriate to the privileges granted.

(b)   Applicants for the skill test shall have received flight instruction on the same class or type of aircraft to be used for the skill test. The privileges will be restricted to the class or type used for the skill test until further extensions are endorsed on the licence, in accordance with this Subpart.

(c)   Pass marks

(1)	The skill test shall be divided into different sections, representing all the different phases of flight appropriate to the category of aircraft flown.

(2)	Failure in any item of a section will cause the applicant to fail the entire section. If the applicant fails only 1 section, he/she shall repeat only that section. Failure in more than 1 section will cause the applicant to fail the entire test.

(3)	When the test needs to be repeated in accordance with (2), failure in any section, including those that have been passed on a previous attempt, will cause the applicant to fail the entire test.

(4)	Failure to achieve a pass in all sections of the test in 2 attempts will require further practical training.

SECTION 2

Specific requirements for the LAPL for aeroplanes — LAPL(A)

FCL.105.A   LAPL(A) — Privileges and conditions

(a)   The privileges of the holder of an LAPL for aeroplanes are to act as PIC on single-engine piston aeroplanes-land or TMG with a maximum certificated take-off mass of 2 000 kg or less, carrying a maximum of 3 passengers, such that there are never more than 4 persons on board of the aircraft.

(b)   Holders of an LAPL(A) shall only carry passengers after they have completed, after the issuance of the licence, 10 hours of flight time as PIC on aeroplanes or TMG.

FCL.110.A   LAPL(A) — Experience requirements and crediting

(a)   Applicants for an LAPL(A) shall have completed at least 30 hours of flight instruction on aeroplanes or TMGs, including at least:

(1)	15 hours of dual flight instruction in the class in which the skill test will be taken;

(2)	6 hours of supervised solo flight time, including at least 3 hours of solo cross-country flight time with at least 1 cross-country flight of at least 150 km (80 NM), during which 1 full stop landing at an aerodrome different from the aerodrome of departure shall be made.

(b)   Specific requirements for applicants holding an LAPL(S) with TMG extension. Applicants for an LAPL(A) holding an LAPL(S) with TMG extension shall have completed at least 21 hours of flight time on TMGs after the endorsement of the TMG extension and complied with the requirements of FCL.135.A(a) on aeroplanes.

(c)   Crediting. Applicants with prior experience as PIC may be credited towards the requirements in (a).

The amount of credit shall be decided by the ATO where the pilot undergoes the training course, on the basis of a pre-entry flight test, but shall in any case:

(1)	not exceed the total flight time as PIC;

(2)	not exceed 50 % of the hours required in (a);

(3)	not include the requirements of (a)(2).

FCL.135.A   LAPL(A) — Extension of privileges to another class or variant of aeroplane

(a)   The privileges of an LAPL(A) shall be limited to the class and variant of aeroplanes or TMG in which the skill test was taken. This limitation may be removed when the pilot has completed in another class the requirements below:

(1)	3 hours of flight instruction, including: (i) 10 dual take-offs and landings; and (ii) 10 supervised solo take-offs and landings.

(2)

a skill test to demonstrate an adequate level of practical skill in the new class. During this skill test, the applicant shall also demonstrate to the examiner an adequate level of theoretical knowledge for the other class in the following subjects: (i) Operational procedures; (ii) Flight performance and planning; (iii) Aircraft general knowledge.

(b)   Before the holder of an LAPL can exercise the privileges of the licence on another variant of aeroplane than the one used for the skill test, the pilot shall undertake differences or familiarisation training. The differences training shall be entered in the pilot’s logbook or equivalent document and signed by the instructor.

FCL.140.A   LAPL(A) — Recency requirements

(a)   Holders of an LAPL(A) shall only exercise the privileges of their licence when they have completed, in the last 24 months, as pilots of aeroplanes or TMG:

(1)	at least 12 hours of flight time as PIC, including 12 take-offs and landings; and

(2)	refresher training of at least 1 hour of total flight time with an instructor.

(b)   Holders of an LAPL(A) who do not comply with the requirements in (a) shall:

(1)	undertake a proficiency check with an examiner before they resume the exercise of the privileges of their licence; or

(2)	perform the additional flight time or take-offs and landings, flying dual or solo under the supervision of an instructor, in order to fulfil the requirements in (a).

SECTION 3

Specific requirements for the LAPL for helicopters — LAPL(H)

FCL.105.H   LAPL(H) — Privileges

The privileges of the holder of an LAPL for helicopters are to act as PIC on single-engine helicopters with a maximum certificated take-off mass of 2 000 kg or less, carrying a maximum of 3 passengers, such that there are never more than 4 persons on board.

FCL.110.H   LAPL(H) — Experience requirements and crediting

(a)   Applicants for the LAPL(H) shall have completed 40 hours of flight instruction on helicopters. At least 35 hours of which shall be flown on the type of helicopter that is to be used for the skill test. The flight instruction shall include at least:

(1)	20 hours of dual flight instruction; and

(2)	10 hours of supervised solo flight time, including at least 5 hours of solo cross-country flight time with at least 1 cross-country flight of at least 150 km (80 NM), during which one full stop landing at an aerodrome different from the aerodrome of departure shall be made.

(b)   Crediting. Applicants with prior experience as PIC may be credited towards the requirements in (a).

The amount of credit shall be decided by the ATO where the pilot undergoes the training course, on the basis of a pre-entry flight test, but shall in any case:

(1)	not exceed the total flight time as PIC;

(2)	not exceed 50 % of the hours required in (a);

(3)	not include the requirements in (a)(2).

FCL.135.H   LAPL(H) — Extension of privileges to another type or variant of helicopter

(a)   The privileges of an LAPL(H) shall be limited to the specific type and variant of helicopter in which the skill test was taken. This limitation may be removed when the pilot has completed:

(1)	5 hours of flight instruction, including: (i) 15 dual take-offs, approaches and landings; (ii) 15 supervised solo take-offs, approaches and landings;

(2)

a skill test to demonstrate an adequate level of practical skill in the new type. During this skill test, the applicant shall also demonstrate to the examiner an adequate level of theoretical knowledge for the other type in the following subjects: — Operational procedures, — Flight performance and planning, — Aircraft general knowledge.

(b)   Before the holder of an LAPL(H) can exercise the privileges of the licence in another variant of helicopter than the one used for the skill test, the pilot shall undertake differences or familiarisation training, as determined in the operational suitability data established in accordance with Part-21. The differences training shall be entered in the pilot’s logbook or equivalent record and signed by the instructor.

FCL.140.H   LAPL(H) — Recency requirements

(a)   Holders of an LAPL(H) shall only exercise the privileges of their licence on a specific type when they have completed on helicopters of that type in the last 12 months:

(1)	at least 6 hours of flight time as PIC, including 6 take-offs, approaches and landings; and

(2)	refresher training of at least 1 hour total flight time with an instructor.

(b)   Holders of an LAPL(H) who do not comply with the requirements in (a) shall:

(1)	pass a proficiency check with an examiner on the specific type before they resume the exercise of the privileges of their licence; or

(2)	perform the additional flight time or take-offs and landings, flying dual or solo under the supervision of an instructor, in order to fulfil the requirements in (a).

SECTION 4

Specific requirements for the LAPL for sailplanes — LAPL(S)

FCL.105.S   LAPL(S) — Privileges and conditions

(a)   The privileges of the holder of an LAPL for sailplanes are to act as PIC on sailplanes and powered sailplanes. In order to exercise the privileges on a TMG, the holder shall comply with the requirements in FCL.135.S.

(b)   Holders of an LAPL(S) shall only carry passengers after they have completed, after the issuance of the licence, 10 hours of flight time or 30 launches as PIC on sailplanes or powered sailplanes.

FCL.110.S   LAPL(S) — Experience requirements and crediting

(a)   Applicants for an LAPL(S) shall have completed at least 15 hours of flight instruction in sailplanes, or powered sailplanes, including at least:

(1)	10 hours of dual flight instruction;

(2)	2 hours of supervised solo flight time;

(3)	45 launches and landings;

(4)	1 solo cross-country flight of at least 50 km (27 NM) or 1 dual cross-country flight of at least 100 km (55 NM).

(b)   Of the 15 hours required in (a), a maximum of 7 hours may be completed in a TMG.

(c)   Crediting. Applicants with prior experience as PIC may be credited towards the requirements in (a).

The amount of credit shall be decided by the ATO where the pilot undergoes the training course, on the basis of a pre-entry flight test, but shall in any case:

(1)	not exceed the total flight time as PIC;

(2)	not exceed 50 % of the hours required in (a);

(3)	not include the requirements in (a)(2) to (a)(4).

FCL.130.S   LAPL(S) — Launch methods

(a)   The privileges of the LAPL(S) shall be limited to the launch method included in the skill test. This limitation may be removed when the pilot has completed:

(1)	in the case of winch launch and car launch, a minimum of 10 launches in dual flight instruction, and 5 solo launches under supervision;

(2)	in the case of aero tow or self launch, a minimum of 5 launches in dual flight instruction, and 5 solo launches under supervision. In the case of self launch, dual flight instruction may be done in a TMG;

(3)	in the case of bungee launch, a minimum of 3 launches performed in dual flight instruction or solo under supervision.

(b)   The completion of the additional training launches shall be entered in the logbook and signed by the instructor.

(c)   In order to maintain their privileges in each launch method, pilots shall complete a minimum of 5 launches during the last 24 months, except for bungee launch, in which case pilots shall have completed only 2 launches.

(d)   When the pilot does not comply with the requirement in (c), he/she shall perform the additional number of launches flying dual or solo under the supervision of an instructor in order to renew the privileges.

FCL.135.S   LAPL(S) — Extension of privileges to TMG

The privileges of an LAPL(S) shall be extended to a TMG when the pilot has completed in an ATO, at least:

(a)	6 hours of flight instruction on a TMG, including: (1) 4 hours of dual flight instruction; (2) 1 solo cross-country flight of at least 150 km (80 NM), during which 1 full stop landing at an aerodrome different from the aerodrome of departure shall be performed;

(b)

a skill test to demonstrate an adequate level of practical skill in a TMG. During this skill test, the applicant shall also demonstrate to the examiner an adequate level of theoretical knowledge for the TMG in the following subjects: — Principles of flight, — Operational procedures, — Flight performance and planning, — Aircraft general knowledge, — Navigation.

FCL.140.S   LAPL(S) — Recency requirements

(a)   Sailplanes and powered sailplanes. Holders of an LAPL(S) shall only exercise the privileges of their licence on sailplanes or powered sailplanes when they have completed on sailplanes or powered sailplanes, excluding TMGs, in the last 24 months, at least:

(1)	5 hours of flight time as PIC, including 15 launches;

(2)	2 training flights with an instructor.

(b)   TMG. Holders of an LAPL(S) shall only exercise the privileges of their licence on a TMG when they have:

(1)	completed on TMGs in the last 24 months: (i) at least 12 hours of flight time as PIC, including 12 take-offs and landings; and (ii) refresher training of at least 1 hour total flight time with an instructor.

(2)	When the holder of the LAPL(S) also has the privileges to fly aeroplanes, the requirements in (1) may be completed on aeroplanes.

(c)   Holders of an LAPL(S) who do not comply with the requirements in (a) or (b) shall, before they resume the exercise of their privileges:

(1)	pass a proficiency check with an examiner on a sailplane or a TMG, as appropriate; or

(2)	perform the additional flight time or take-offs and landings, flying dual or solo under the supervision of an instructor, in order to fulfil the requirements in (a) or (b).

SECTION 5

Specific requirements for the LAPL for balloons — LAPL(B)

FCL.105.B   LAPL(B) — Privileges

The privileges of the holder of an LAPL for balloons are to act as PIC on hot-air balloons or hot-air airships with a maximum of 3 400 m3 envelope capacity or gas balloons with a maximum of 1 200 m3 envelope capacity, carrying a maximum of 3 passengers, such that there are never more than 4 persons on board of the aircraft.

FCL.110.B   LAPL(B) — Experience requirements

(a)   Applicants for an LAPL(B) shall have completed on balloons of the same class at least 16 hours of flight instruction, including at least:

(1)	12 hours of dual flight instruction;

(2)	10 inflations and 20 take-offs and landings; and

(3)	1 supervised solo flight with a minimum flight time of at least 30 minutes.

(b)   Crediting. Applicants with prior experience as PIC on balloons may be credited towards the requirements in (a).

The amount of credit shall be decided by the ATO where the pilot undergoes the training course, on the basis of a pre-entry flight test, but shall in any case:

(1)	not exceed the total flight time as PIC on balloons;

(2)	not exceed 50 % of the hours required in (a);

(3)	not include the requirements of (a)(2) and (a)(3).

FCL.130.B   LAPL(B) — Extension of privileges to tethered flights

(a)   The privileges of the LAPL(B) shall be limited to non-tethered flights. This limitation may be removed when the pilot has completed at least 3 tethered instruction flights.

(b)   The completion of the additional training shall be entered in the logbook and signed by the instructor.

(c)   In order to maintain this privilege, pilots shall complete a minimum of 2 tethered flights during the last 24 months.

(d)   When the pilot does not comply with the requirement in (c), he/she shall perform the additional number of tethered flights flying dual or solo under the supervision of an instructor in order to renew the privileges.

FCL.135.B   LAPL(B) — Extension of privileges to another balloon class

The privileges of the LAPL(B) shall be limited to the class of balloons in which the skill test was taken. This limitation may be removed when the pilot has completed in the other class, at an ATO, at least:

(a)	5 dual instruction flights; or

(b)	in the case of an LAPL(B) for hot-air balloons wishing to extend their privileges to hot-air airships, 5 hours of dual flight instruction time; and

(c)	a skill test, during which they shall demonstrate to the examiner an adequate level of theoretical knowledge for the other class in the following subjects: — Principles of flight, — Operational procedures, — Flight performance and planning, and — Aircraft general knowledge.

FCL.140.B   LAPL(B) — Recency requirements

(a)   Holders of an LAPL(B) shall only exercise the privileges of their licence when they have completed, in one class of balloons in the last 24 months, at least:

(1)	6 hours of flight time as PIC, including 10 take-offs and landings; and

(2)	1 training flight with an instructor;

(3)	in addition, if the pilot is qualified to fly more than one class of balloons, in order to exercise their privileges in the other class, they shall have completed at least 3 hours of flight time in that class within the last 24 months, including 3 take-offs and landings.

(b)   Holders of an LAPL(B) who do not comply with the requirements in (a) shall, before they resume the exercise of their privileges:

(1)	pass a proficiency check with an examiner in the appropriate class; or

(2)	perform the additional flight time or take-offs and landings, flying dual or solo under the supervision of an instructor, in order to fulfil the requirements in (a).

SUBPART C

PRIVATE PILOT LICENCE (PPL), SAILPLANE PILOT LICENCE (SPL) AND BALLOON PILOT LICENCE (BPL)

SECTION 1

Common requirements

FCL.200   Minimum age

(a)   An applicant for a PPL shall be at least 17 years of age;

(b)   An applicant for a BPL or an SPL shall be at least 16 years of age.

FCL.205   Conditions

Applicants for the issue of a PPL shall have fulfilled the requirements for the class or type rating for the aircraft used in the skill test, as established in Subpart H.

FCL.210   Training course

Applicants for a BPL, SPL or PPL shall complete a training course at an ATO. The course shall include theoretical knowledge and flight instruction appropriate to the privileges given.

FCL.215   Theoretical knowledge examination

Applicants for a BPL, SPL or PPL shall demonstrate a level of theoretical knowledge appropriate to the privileges granted through examinations in the following subjects:

(a)	common subjects: — Air law, — Human performance, — Meteorology, and — Communications;

(b)	specific subjects concerning the different aircraft categories: — Principles of flight, — Operational procedures, — Flight performance and planning, — Aircraft general knowledge, and — Navigation.

FCL.235   Skill test

(a)   Applicants for a BPL, SPL or PPL shall demonstrate through the completion of a skill test the ability to perform, as PIC on the appropriate aircraft category, the relevant procedures and manoeuvres with competency appropriate to the privileges granted.

(b)   An applicant for the skill test shall have received flight instruction on the same class or type of aircraft, or a group of balloons to be used for the skill test.

(c)   Pass marks

(1)	The skill test shall be divided into different sections, representing all the different phases of flight appropriate to the category of aircraft flown.

(2)	Failure in any item of a section will cause the applicant to fail the entire section. Failure in more than 1 section will cause the applicant to fail the entire test. If the applicant fails only 1 section, he/she shall repeat only that section.

(3)	When the test needs to be repeated in accordance with (2), failure in any section, including those that have been passed on a previous attempt, will cause the applicant to fail the entire test.

(4)	Failure to achieve a pass in all sections of the test in 2 attempts will require further training.

SECTION 2

Specific requirements for the PPL aeroplanes — PPL(A)

FCL.205.A   PPL(A) — Privileges

(a)   The privileges of the holder of a PPL(A) are to act without remuneration as PIC or co-pilot on aeroplanes or TMGs engaged in non-commercial operations.

(b)   Notwithstanding the paragraph above, the holder of a PPL(A) with instructor or examiner privileges may receive remuneration for:

(1)	the provision of flight instruction for the LAPL(A) or PPL(A);

(2)	the conduct of skill tests and proficiency checks for these licences;

(3)	the ratings and certificates attached to these licences.

FCL.210.A   PPL(A) — Experience requirements and crediting

(a)   Applicants for a PPL(A) shall have completed at least 45 hours of flight instruction in aeroplanes, 5 of which may have been completed in an FSTD, including at least:

(1)	25 hours of dual flight instruction; and

(2)	10 hours of supervised solo flight time, including at least 5 hours of solo cross-country flight time with at least 1 cross-country flight of at least 270 km (150 NM), during which full stop landings at 2 aerodromes different from the aerodrome of departure shall be made.

(b)   Specific requirements for applicants holding an LAPL(A). Applicants for a PPL(A) holding an LAPL(A) shall have completed at least 15 hours of flight time on aeroplanes after the issue of the LAPL(A), of which at least 10 shall be flight instruction completed in a training course at an ATO. This training course shall include at least 4 hours of supervised solo flight time, including at least 2 hours of solo cross-country flight time with at least 1 cross-country flight of at least 270 km (150 NM), during which full stop landings at 2 aerodromes different from the aerodrome of departure shall be made.

(c)   Specific requirements for applicants holding an LAPL(S) with a TMG extension. Applicants for a PPL(A) holding an LAPL(S) with a TMG extension shall have completed:

(1)	at least 24 hours of flight time on TMG after the endorsement of the TMG extension; and

(2)	15 hours of flight instruction in aeroplanes in a training course at an ATO, including at least the requirements of (a)(2).

(d)   Crediting. Applicants holding a pilot licence for another category of aircraft, with the exception of balloons, shall be credited with 10 % of their total flight time as PIC on such aircraft up to a maximum of 10 hours. The amount of credit given shall in any case not include the requirements in (a)(2).

SECTION 3

Specific requirements for the PPL helicopters — PPL(H)

FCL.205.H   PPL(H) — Privileges

(a)   The privileges of the holder of a PPL(H) are to act without remuneration as PIC or co-pilot of helicopters engaged in non-commercial operations.

(b)   Notwithstanding the paragraph above, the holder of a PPL(H) with instructor or examiner privileges may receive remuneration for:

(1)	the provision of flight instruction for the LAPL(H) or the PPL(H);

(2)	the conduct of skill tests and proficiency checks for these licences;

(3)	the ratings and certificates attached to these licences.

FCL.210.H   PPL(H) — Experience requirements and crediting

(a)   Applicants for a PPL(H) shall have completed at least 45 hours of flight instruction on helicopters, 5 of which may have been completed in an FNPT or FFS, including at least:

(1)	25 hours of dual flight instruction; and

(2)	10 hours of supervised solo flight time, including at least 5 hours of solo cross-country flight time with at least 1 cross-country flight of at least 185 km (100 NM), with full stop landings at 2 aerodromes different from the aerodrome of departure.

(3)	35 of the 45 hours of flight instruction have to be completed on the same type of helicopter as the one used for the skill test.

(b)   Specific requirements for an applicant holding an LAPL(H). Applicants for a PPL(H) holding an LAPL(H) shall complete a training course at an ATO. This training course shall include at least 5 hours of dual flight instruction time and at least 1 supervised solo cross-country flight of at least 185 km (100 NM), with full stop landings at 2 aerodromes different from the aerodrome of departure.

(c)   Applicants holding a pilot licence for another category of aircraft, with the exception of balloons, shall be credited with 10 % of their total flight time as PIC on such aircraft up to a maximum of 6 hours. The amount of credit given shall in any case not include the requirements in (a)(2).

SECTION 4

Specific requirements for the PPL airships — PPL(As)

FCL.205.As   PPL(As) — Privileges

(a)   The privileges of the holder of a PPL(As) are to act without remuneration as PIC or co-pilot on airships engaged in non-commercial operations.

(b)   Notwithstanding the paragraph above, the holder of a PPL(As) with instructor or examiner privileges may receive remuneration for:

(1)	the provision of flight instruction for the PPL(As);

(2)	the conduct of skill tests and proficiency checks for this licence;

(3)	the ratings or certificates attached to this licence.

FCL.210.As   PPL(As) — Experience requirements and crediting

(a)   Applicants for a PPL(As) shall have completed at least 35 hours of flight instruction in airships, 5 of which may have been completed in an FSTD, including at least:

(1)	25 hours of dual flight instruction, including: (i) 3 hours of cross-country flight training, including 1 cross-country flight of at least 65 km (35 NM); (ii) 3 hours of instrument instruction;

(2)	8 take-offs and landings at an aerodrome, including masting and unmasting procedures;

(3)	8 hours of supervised solo flight time.

(b)   Applicants holding a BPL and qualified to fly hot-air airships shall be credited with 10 % of their total flight time as PIC on such airships up to a maximum of 5 hours.

SECTION 5

Specific requirements for the sailplane pilot licence (SPL)

FCL.205.S   SPL — Privileges and conditions

(a)   The privileges of the holder of an SPL are to act as PIC on sailplanes and powered sailplanes. In order to exercise the privileges on a TMG, the holder shall have to comply with the requirements in FCL.135.S.

(b)   Holders of an SPL shall:

(1)	carry passengers only when having completed, after the issuance of the licence, at least 10 hours of flight time or 30 launches as PIC on sailplanes or powered sailplanes;

(2)

be restricted to act without remuneration in non-commercial operations until they have: (i) attained the age of 18 years; (ii) completed, after the issuance of the licence, 75 hours of flight time or 200 launches as PIC on sailplanes or powered sailplanes; (iii) passed a proficiency check with an examiner.

(c)   Notwithstanding (b)(2), the holder of an SPL with instructor or examiner privileges may receive remuneration for:

the provision of flight instruction for the LAPL(S) or the SPL;

the conduct of skill tests and proficiency checks for these licences;

the ratings and certificates attached to these licences.

FCL.210.S   SPL — Experience requirements and crediting

(a)   Applicants for an SPL shall have completed at least 15 hours of flight instruction on sailplanes or powered sailplanes, including at least the requirements specified in FCL.110.S.

(b)   Applicants for an SPL holding an LAPL(S) shall be fully credited towards the requirements for the issue of an SPL.

Applicants for an SPL who held an LAPL(S) within the period of 2 years before the application shall be fully credited towards the requirements of theoretical knowledge and flight instruction.

Crediting. Applicants holding a pilot licence for another category of aircraft, with the exception of balloons, shall be credited with 10 % of their total flight time as PIC on such aircraft up to a maximum of 7 hours. The amount of credit given shall in any case not include the requirements in of FCL.110.S(a)(2) to (a)(4).

FCL.220.S   SPL — Launch methods

The privileges of the SPL shall be limited to the launch method included in the skill test. This limitation may be removed and the new privileges exercised when the pilot complies with the requirements in FCL.130.S.

FCL.230.S   SPL — Recency requirements

Holders of an SPL shall only exercise the privileges of their licence when complying with the recency requirements in FCL.140.S.

SECTION 6

Specific requirements for the balloon pilot licence (BPL)

FCL.205.B   BPL — Privileges and conditions

(a)   The privileges of the holder of a BPL are to act as PIC on balloons and hot-air airships.

(b)   Holders of a BPL shall be restricted to act without remuneration in non-commercial operations until they have:

(1)	attained the age of 18 years;

(2)	completed 50 hours of flight time and 50 take-offs and landings as PIC on balloons;

(3)	passed a proficiency check with an examiner on a balloon in the specific class.

(c)   Notwithstanding paragraph (b), the holder of a BPL with instructor or examiner privileges may receive remuneration for:

(1)	the provision of flight instruction for the LAPL(B) or the BPL;

(2)	the conduct of skill tests and proficiency checks for these licences;

(3)	the ratings and certificates attached to these licences.

FCL.210.B   BPL — Experience requirements and crediting

(a)   Applicants for a BPL shall have completed on balloons in the same class and group at least 16 hours of flight instruction, including at least:

(1)	12 hours of dual flight instruction;

(2)	10 inflations and 20 take-offs and landings; and

(3)	1 supervised solo flight with a minimum flight time of at least 30 minutes.

(b)   Applicants for a BPL holding an LAPL(B) shall be fully credited towards the requirements for the issue of a BPL.

Applicants for a BPL who held an LAPL(B) within the period of 2 years before the application shall be fully credited towards the requirements of theoretical knowledge and flight instruction.

FCL.220.B   BPL — Extension of privileges to tethered flights

The privileges of the BPL shall be limited to non-tethered flights. This limitation may be removed when the pilot complies with the requirements in FCL.130.B.

FCL.225.B   BPL — Extension of privileges to another balloon class or group

The privileges of the BPL shall be limited to the class and group of balloons in which the skill test was taken. This limitation may be removed when the pilot has:

(a)	in the case of an extension to another class within the same group, complied with the requirements in FCL.135.B;

(b)

in the case of an extension to another group within the same class of balloons, completed at least: (1) 2 instruction flights on a balloon of the relevant group; and (2) the following hours of flight time as PIC on balloons: (i) for balloons with an envelope capacity between 3 401 m3 and 6 000 m3, at least 100 hours; (ii) for balloons with an envelope capacity between 6 001 m3 and 10 500 m3, at least 200 hours; (iii) for balloons with an envelope capacity of more than 10 500 m3, at least 300 hours; (iv) for gas balloons with an envelope capacity of more than 1 260 m3, at least 50 hours.

FCL.230.B   BPL — Recency requirements

(a)   Holders of a BPL shall only exercise the privileges of their licence when they have completed in one class of balloons in the last 24 months at least:

(1)	6 hours of flight time as PIC, including 10 take-offs and landings; and

(2)	1 training flight with an instructor in a balloon within the appropriate class and with the maximum envelope capacity they have privileges for;

(3)	in addition, in the case of pilots qualified to fly more than one class of balloons, in order to exercise their privileges in the other class, they shall have completed at least 3 hours of flight time on that class within the last 24 months, including 3 take-offs and landings.

(b)   Holders of a BPL who do not comply with the requirements in (a) shall, before they resume the exercise of their privileges:

(1)	pass a proficiency check with an examiner in a balloon within the appropriate class and with the maximum envelope capacity they have privileges for; or

(2)	perform the additional flight time or take-offs and landings, flying dual or solo under the supervision of an instructor, in order to fulfil the requirements in (a).

SUBPART D

COMMERCIAL PILOT LICENCE — CPL

SECTION 1

Common requirements

FCL.300   CPL — Minimum age

An applicant for a CPL shall be at least 18 years of age.

FCL.305   CPL — Privileges and conditions

(a)   Privileges. The privileges of the holder of a CPL are, within the appropriate aircraft category, to:

(1)	exercise all the privileges of the holder of an LAPL and a PPL;

(2)	act as PIC or co-pilot of any aircraft engaged in operations other than commercial air transport;

(3)	act as PIC in commercial air transport of any single-pilot aircraft subject to the restrictions specified in FCL.060 and in this Subpart;

(4)	act as co-pilot in commercial air transport subject to the restrictions specified in FCL.060.

(b)   Conditions. An applicant for the issue of a CPL shall have fulfilled the requirements for the class or type rating of the aircraft used in the skill test.

FCL.310   CPL — Theoretical knowledge examinations

An applicant for a CPL shall demonstrate a level of knowledge appropriate to the privileges granted in the following subjects:

—

Air Law,

—	Aircraft General Knowledge — Airframe/Systems/Powerplant,

—	Aircraft General Knowledge — Instrumentation,

—	Mass and Balance,

—	Performance,

—	Flight Planning and Monitoring,

—	Human Performance,

—	Meteorology,

—	General Navigation,

—	Radio Navigation,

—	Operational Procedures,

—	Principles of Flight,

—	Visual Flight Rules (VFR) Communications.

FCL.315   CPL — Training course

An applicant for a CPL shall have completed theoretical knowledge instruction and flight instruction at an ATO, in accordance with Appendix 3 to this Part.

FCL.320   CPL — Skill test

An applicant for a CPL shall pass a skill test in accordance with Appendix 4 to this Part to demonstrate the ability to perform, as PIC of the appropriate aircraft category, the relevant procedures and manoeuvres with the competency appropriate to the privileges granted.

SECTION 2

Specific requirements for the aeroplane category — CPL(A)

FCL.325.A   CPL(A) — Specific conditions for MPL holders

Before exercising the privileges of a CPL(A), the holder of an MPL shall have completed in aeroplanes:

(a)

70 hours of flight time: (1) as PIC; or (2) made up of at least 10 hours as PIC and the additional flight time as PIC under supervision (PICUS). Of these 70 hours, 20 shall be of VFR cross-country flight time as PIC, or cross-country flight time made up of at least 10 hours as PIC and 10 hours as PICUS. This shall include a VFR cross-country flight of at least 540 km (300 NM) in the course of which full-stop landings at two different aerodromes shall be flown as PIC;

(b)	the elements of the CPL(A) modular course as specified in paragraphs 10(a) and 11 of Appendix 3, E to this Part; and

(c)	the CPL(A) skill test, in accordance with FCL.320.

SUBPART E

MULTI-CREW PILOT LICENCE — MPL

FCL.400.A   MPL — Minimum age

An applicant for an MPL shall be at least 18 years of age.

FCL.405.A   MPL — Privileges

(a)   The privileges of the holder of an MPL are to act as co-pilot in an aeroplane required to be operated with a co-pilot.

(b)   The holder of an MPL may obtain the extra privileges of:

(1)	the holder of a PPL(A), provided that the requirements for the PPL(A) specified in Subpart C are met;

(2)	a CPL(A), provided that the requirements specified in FCL.325.A are met.

(c)   The holder of an MPL shall have the privileges of his/her IR(A) limited to aeroplanes required to be operated with a co-pilot. The privileges of the IR(A) may be extended to single-pilot operations in aeroplanes, provided that the licence holder has completed the training necessary to act as PIC in single-pilot operations exercised solely by reference to instruments and passed the skill test of the IR(A) as a single-pilot.

FCL.410.A   MPL — Training course and theoretical knowledge examinations

(a)   Course. An applicant for an MPL shall have completed a training course of theoretical knowledge and flight instruction at an ATO in accordance with Appendix 5 to this Part.

(b)   Examination. An applicant for an MPL shall have demonstrated a level of knowledge appropriate to the holder of an ATPL(A), in accordance with FCL.515, and of a multi-pilot type rating.

FCL.415.A   MPL — Practical skill

(a)   An applicant for an MPL shall have demonstrated through continuous assessment the skills required for fulfilling all the competency units specified in Appendix 5 to this Part, as pilot flying and pilot not flying, in a multi-engine turbine-powered multi-pilot aeroplane, under VFR and IFR.

(b)   On completion of the training course, the applicant shall pass a skill test in accordance with Appendix 9 to this Part, to demonstrate the ability to perform the relevant procedures and manoeuvres with the competency appropriate to the privileges granted. The skill test shall be taken in the type of aeroplane used on the advanced phase of the MPL integrated training course or in an FFS representing the same type.

SUBPART F

AIRLINE TRANSPORT PILOT LICENCE — ATPL

SECTION 1

Common requirements

FCL.500   ATPL — Minimum age

Applicants for an ATPL shall be at least 21 years of age.

FCL.505   ATPL — Privileges

(a)   The privileges of the holder of an ATPL are, within the appropriate aircraft category, to:

(1)	exercise all the privileges of the holder of an LAPL, a PPL and a CPL;

(2)	act as PIC of aircraft engaged in commercial air transport.

(b)   Applicants for the issue of an ATPL shall have fulfilled the requirements for the type rating of the aircraft used in the skill test.

FCL.515   ATPL — Training course and theoretical knowledge examinations

(a)   Course. Applicants for an ATPL shall have completed a training course at an ATO. The course shall be either an integrated training course or a modular course, in accordance with Appendix 3 to this Part.

(b)   Examination. Applicants for an ATPL shall demonstrate a level of knowledge appropriate to the privileges granted in the following subjects:

—

Air Law,

—	Aircraft General Knowledge — Airframe/Systems/Power plant,

—	Aircraft General Knowledge — Instrumentation,

—	Mass and Balance,

—	Performance,

—	Flight Planning and Monitoring,

—	Human Performance,

—	Meteorology,

—	General Navigation,

—	Radio Navigation,

—	Operational Procedures,

—	Principles of Flight,

—	VFR Communications,

—	IFR Communications.

SECTION 2

Specific requirements for the aeroplane category — ATPL(A)

FCL.505.A   ATPL(A) — Restriction of privileges for pilots previously holding an MPL

When the holder of an ATPL(A) has previously held only an MPL, the privileges of the licence shall be restricted to multi-pilot operations, unless the holder has complied with FCL.405.A(b)(2) and (c) for single-pilot operations.

FCL.510.A   ATPL(A) — Prerequisites, experience and crediting

(a)   Prerequisites. Applicants for an ATPL(A) shall hold:

(1)	an MPL; or

(2)	a CPL(A) and a multi-engine IR for aeroplanes. In this case, the applicant shall also have received instruction in MCC.

(b)   Experience. Applicants for an ATPL(A) shall have completed a minimum of 1 500 hours of flight time in aeroplanes, including at least:

(1)	500 hours in multi-pilot operations on aeroplanes;

(2)	(i) 500 hours as PIC under supervision; or (ii) 250 hours as PIC; or (iii) 250 hours, including at least 70 hours as PIC, and the remaining as PIC under supervision;

(3)	200 hours of cross-country flight time of which at least 100 hours shall be as PIC or as PIC under supervision;

(4)	75 hours of instrument time of which not more than 30 hours may be instrument ground time; and

(5)	100 hours of night flight as PIC or co-pilot.

Of the 1 500 hours of flight time, up to 100 hours of flight time may have been completed in an FFS and FNPT. Of these 100 hours, only a maximum of 25 hours may be completed in an FNPT.

(c)   Crediting.

(1)	Holders of a pilot licence for other categories of aircraft shall be credited with flight time up to a maximum of: (i) for TMG or sailplanes, 30 hours flown as PIC; (ii) for helicopters, 50 % of all the flight time requirements of paragraph (b).

(2)

Holders of a flight engineer licence issued in accordance with applicable national rules shall be credited with 50 % of the flight engineer time up to a maximum credit of 250 hours. These 250 hours may be credited against the 1 500 hours requirement of paragraph (a), and the 500 hours requirement of paragraph (b)(1), provided that the total credit given against any of these paragraphs does not exceed 250 hours.

(d)   The experience required in (b) shall be completed before the skill test for the ATPL(A) is taken.

FCL.520.A   ATPL(A) — Skill test

Applicants for an ATPL(A) shall pass a skill test in accordance with Appendix 9 to this Part to demonstrate the ability to perform, as PIC of a multi-pilot aeroplane under IFR, the relevant procedures and manoeuvres with the competency appropriate to the privileges granted.

The skill test shall be taken in the aeroplane or an adequately qualified FFS representing the same type.

SECTION 3

Specific requirements for the helicopter category — ATPL(H)

FCL.510.H   ATPL(H) — Prerequisites, experience and crediting

Applicants for an ATPL(H) shall:

(a)	hold a CPL(H) and a multi-pilot helicopter type rating and have received instruction in MCC;

(b)

have completed as a pilot of helicopters a minimum of 1 000 hours of flight time including at least: (1) 350 hours in multi-pilot helicopters; (2) (i) 250 hours as PIC; or (ii) 100 hours as PIC and 150 hours as PIC under supervision; or (iii) 250 hours as PIC under supervision in multi-pilot helicopters. In this case, the ATPL(H) privileges shall be limited to multi-pilot operations only, until 100 hours as PIC have been completed; (3) 200 hours of cross-country flight time of which at least 100 hours shall be as PIC or as PIC under supervision; (4) 30 hours of instrument time of which not more than 10 hours may be instrument ground time; and (5) 100 hours of night flight as PIC or as co-pilot. Of the 1 000 hours, a maximum of 100 hours may have been completed in an FSTD, of which not more than 25 hours may be completed in an FNPT.

(c)	Flight time in aeroplanes shall be credited up to 50 % against the flight time requirements of paragraph (b).

(d)	The experience required in (b) shall be completed before the skill test for the ATPL(H) is taken.

FCL.520.H   ATPL(H) — Skill test

Applicants for an ATPL(H) shall pass a skill test in accordance with Appendix 9 to this Part to demonstrate the ability to perform as PIC of a multi-pilot helicopter the relevant procedures and manoeuvres with the competency appropriate to the privileges granted.

The skill test shall be taken in the helicopter or an adequately qualified FFS representing the same type.

SUBPART G

INSTRUMENT RATING — IR

SECTION 1

Common requirements

FCL.600   IR — General

Operations under IFR on an aeroplane, helicopter, airship or powered-lift aircraft shall only be conducted by holders of a PPL, CPL, MPL and ATPL with an IR appropriate to the category of aircraft or when undergoing skill testing or dual instruction.

FCL.605   IR — Privileges

(a)   The privileges of a holder of an IR are to fly aircraft under IFR with a minimum decision height of 200 feet (60 m).

(b)   In the case of a multi-engine IR, these privileges may be extended to decision heights lower than 200 feet (60 m) when the applicant has undergone specific training at an ATO and has passed section 6 of the skill test prescribed in Appendix 9 to this Part in multi-pilot aircraft.

(c)   Holders of an IR shall exercise their privileges in accordance with the conditions established in Appendix 8 to this Part.

(d)   Helicopters only. To exercise privileges as PIC under IFR in multi-pilot helicopters, the holder of an IR(H) shall have at least 70 hours of instrument time of which up to 30 hours may be instrument ground time.

FCL.610   IR — Prerequisites and crediting

Applicants for an IR shall:

(a)	hold: (1) at least a PPL in the appropriate aircraft category, and: (i) the privileges to fly at night in accordance with FCL.810; or (ii) an ATPL in another category of aircraft; or (2) a CPL, in the appropriate aircraft category;

(b)	have completed at least 50 hours of cross-country flight time as PIC in aeroplanes, helicopters or airships of which at least 10 or, in the case of airships, 20 hours shall be in the relevant aircraft category.

(c)	Helicopters only. Applicants who have completed an ATP(H)/IR, ATP(H), CPL(H)/IR or CPL(H) integrated training course shall be exempted from the requirement in (b).

FCL.615   IR — Theoretical knowledge and flight instruction

(a)   Course. Applicants for an IR shall have received a course of theoretical knowledge and flight instruction at an ATO. The course shall be:

(1)	an integrated training course which includes training for the IR, in accordance with Appendix 3 to this Part; or

(2)	a modular course in accordance with Appendix 6 to this Part.

(b)   Examination. Applicants shall demonstrate a level of theoretical knowledge appropriate to the privileges granted in the following subjects:

—

Air Law,

—	Aircraft General Knowledge — Instrumentation,

—	Flight Performance and Monitoring,

—	Human Performance,

—	Meteorology,

—	Radio Navigation,

—	IFR Communications.

FCL.620   IR — Skill test

(a)   Applicants for an IR shall pass a skill test in accordance with Appendix 7 to this Part to demonstrate the ability to perform the relevant procedures and manoeuvres with a degree of competency appropriate to the privileges granted.

(b)   For a multi-engine IR, the skill test shall be taken in a multi-engine aircraft. For a single-engine IR, the test shall be taken in a single-engine aircraft. A multi-engine centreline thrust aeroplane shall be considered a single-engine aeroplane for the purposes of this paragraph.

FCL.625   IR — Validity, revalidation and renewal

(a)   Validity. An IR shall be valid for 1 year.

(b)   Revalidation.

(1)	An IR shall be revalidated within the 3 months immediately preceding the expiry date of the rating.

(2)	Applicants who fail to pass the relevant section of an IR proficiency check before the expiry date of the IR shall not exercise the IR privileges until they have passed the proficiency check.

(c)   Renewal. If an IR has expired, in order to renew their privileges applicants shall:

(1)	go through refresher training at an ATO to reach the level of proficiency needed to pass the instrument element of the skill test in accordance with Appendix 9 to this Part; and

(2)	complete a proficiency check in accordance with Appendix 9 to this Part, in the relevant aircraft category.

(d)   If the IR has not been revalidated or renewed within the preceding 7 years, the holder will be required to pass again the IR theoretical knowledge examination and skill test.

SECTION 2

Specific requirements for the aeroplane category

FCL.625.A   IR(A) — Revalidation

(a)   Revalidation. Applicants for the revalidation of an IR(A):

(1)	when combined with the revalidation of a class or type rating, shall pass a proficiency check in accordance with Appendix 9 to this Part;

(2)

when not combined with the revalidation of a class or type rating, shall: (i) for single-pilot aeroplanes, complete section 3b and those parts of section 1 relevant to the intended flight, of the proficiency check prescribed in Appendix 9 to this Part; and (ii) for multi-engine aeroplanes, complete section 6 of the proficiency check for single-pilot aeroplanes in accordance with Appendix 9 to this Part by sole reference to instruments.

(3)	An FNPT II or an FFS representing the relevant class or type of aeroplane may be used in the case of paragraph (2), but at least each alternate proficiency check for the revalidation of an IR(A) in these circumstances shall be performed in an aeroplane.

(b)   Cross-credit shall be given in accordance with Appendix 8 to this Part.

SECTION 3

Specific requirements for the helicopter category

FCL.625.H   IR(H) — Revalidation

(a)   Applicants for the revalidation of an IR(H):

(1)	when combined with the revalidation of a type rating, shall complete a proficiency check in accordance with Appendix 9 to this Part, for the relevant type of helicopter;

(2)

when not combined with the revalidation of a type rating, shall complete only section 5 and the relevant parts of section 1 of the proficiency check established in Appendix 9 to this Part for the relevant type of helicopter. In this case, an FTD II/III or an FFS representing the relevant type of helicopter may be used, but at least each alternate proficiency check for the revalidation of an IR(H) in these circumstances shall be performed in a helicopter.

(b)   Cross-credit shall be given in accordance with Appendix 8 to this Part.

FCL.630.H   IR(H) — Extension of privileges from single-engine to multi-engine helicopters

Holders of an IR(H) valid for single-engine helicopters wishing to extend for the first time the IR(H) to multi-engine helicopters shall complete:

(a)	a training course at an ATO comprising at least 5 hours dual instrument instruction time, of which 3 hours may be in an FFS or FTD 2/3 or FNPT II/III; and

(b)	section 5 of the skill test in accordance with Appendix 9 to this Part on multi-engine helicopters.

SECTION 4

Specific requirements for the airship category

FCL.625.As   IR(As) — Revalidation

Applicants for the revalidation of an IR(As):

(a)	when combined with the revalidation of a type rating, shall complete a proficiency check in accordance with Appendix 9 to this Part, for the relevant type of airship;

(b)

when not combined with the revalidation of a type rating, shall complete section 5 and those parts of section 1 relevant to the intended flight of the proficiency check for airships in accordance with Appendix 9 of this part. In this case, an FTD 2/3 or FFS representing the relevant type may be used, but at least each alternate proficiency check for the revalidation of an IR(As) in these circumstances shall be performed in an airship.

SUBPART H

CLASS AND TYPE RATINGS

SECTION 1

Common requirements

FCL.700   Circumstances in which class or type ratings are required

(a)   Except in the case of the LAPL, SPL and BPL, holders of a pilot licence shall not act in any capacity as pilots of an aircraft unless they have a valid and appropriate class or type rating, except when undergoing skill tests, or proficiency checks for renewal of class or type ratings, or receiving flight instruction.

(b)   Notwithstanding (a), in the case of flights related to the introduction or modification of aircraft types, pilots may hold a special certificate given by the competent authority, authorising them to perform the flights. This authorisation shall have its validity limited to the specific flights.

(c)   Without prejudice to (a) and (b), in the case of flights related to the introduction or modification of aircraft types conducted by design or production organisations within the scope of their privileges, as well as instruction flights for the issue of a flight test rating, when the requirements of this Subpart may not be complied with, pilots may hold a flight test rating issued in accordance with FCL.820.

FCL.705   Privileges of the holder of a class or type rating

The privileges of the holder of a class or type rating are to act as pilot on the class or type of aircraft specified in the rating.

FCL.710   Class and type ratings — variants

(a)   In order to extend his/her privileges to another variant of aircraft within one class or type rating, the pilot shall undertake differences or familiarisation training. In the case of variants within a type rating, the differences or familiarisation training shall include the relevant elements defined in the operational suitability data established in accordance with Part-21.

(b)   If the variant has not been flown within a period of 2 years following the differences raining, further differences training or a proficiency check in that variant shall be required to maintain the privileges, except for types or variants within the single-engine piston and TMG class ratings.

(c)   The differences training shall be entered in the pilot’s logbook or equivalent record and signed by the instructor as appropriate.

FCL.725   Requirements for the issue of class and type ratings

(a)   Training course. An applicant for a class or type rating shall complete a training course at an ATO. The type rating training course shall include the mandatory training elements for the relevant type as defined in the operational suitability data established in accordance with Part-21.

(b)   Theoretical knowledge examination. The applicant for a class or type rating shall pass a theoretical knowledge examination organised by the ATO to demonstrate the level of theoretical knowledge required for the safe operation of the applicable aircraft class or type.

(1)	For multi-pilot aircraft, the theoretical knowledge examination shall be written and comprise at least 100 multiple-choice questions distributed appropriately across the main subjects of the syllabus.

(2)	For single-pilot multi-engine aircraft, the theoretical knowledge examination shall be written and the number of multiple-choice questions shall depend on the complexity of the aircraft.

(3)	For single-engine aircraft, the theoretical knowledge examination shall be conducted verbally by the examiner during the skill test to determine whether or not a satisfactory level of knowledge has been achieved.

(4)	For single-pilot aeroplanes that are classified as high performance aeroplanes, the examination shall be written and comprise at least 60 multiple-choice questions distributed appropriately across the main subjects of the syllabus.

(c)   Skill test. An applicant for a class or type rating shall pass a skill test in accordance with Appendix 9 to this Part to demonstrate the skill required for the safe operation of the applicable class or type of aircraft.

The applicant shall pass the skill test within a period of 6 months after commencement of the class or type rating training course and within a period of 6 months preceding the application for the issue of the class or type rating.

(d)   An applicant who already holds a type rating for an aircraft type, with the privilege for either single-pilot or multi-pilot operations, shall be considered to have already fulfilled the theoretical requirements when applying to add the privilege for the other form of operation on the same aircraft type.

(e)   Notwithstanding the paragraphs above, pilots holding a flight test rating issued in accordance with FCL.820 who were involved in development, certification or production flight tests for an aircraft type, and have completed either 50 hours of total flight time or 10 hours of flight time as PIC on test flights in that type, shall be entitled to apply for the issue of the relevant type rating, provided that they comply with the experience requirements and the prerequisites for the issue of that type rating, as established in this Subpart for the relevant aircraft category.

FCL.740   Validity and renewal of class and type ratings

(a)   The period of validity of class and type ratings shall be 1 year, except for single-pilot single-engine class ratings, for which the period of validity shall be 2 years, unless otherwise determined by the operational suitability data, established in accordance with Part-21.

(b)   Renewal. If a class or type rating has expired, the applicant shall:

(1)	take refresher training at an ATO, when necessary to reach the level of proficiency necessary to safely operate the relevant class or type of aircraft; and

(2)	pass a proficiency check in accordance with Appendix 9 to this Part.

SECTION 2

Specific requirements for the aeroplane category

FCL.720.A   Experience requirements and prerequisites for the issue of class or type ratings — aeroplanes

Unless otherwise determined in the operational suitability data established in accordance with Part-21, an applicant for a class or type rating shall comply with the following experience requirements and prerequisites for the issue of the relevant rating:

(a)	Single-pilot multi-engine aeroplanes. An applicant for a first class or type rating on a single-pilot multi-engine aeroplane shall have completed at least 70 hours as PIC on aeroplanes.

(b)

Single-pilot high performance non-complex aeroplanes. Before starting flight training, an applicant for a first class or type rating for a single-pilot aeroplane classified as a high performance aeroplane shall: (1) have at least 200 hours of total flying experience, of which 70 hours as PIC on aeroplanes; and (2) (i) hold a certificate of satisfactory completion of a course for additional theoretical knowledge undertaken at an ATO; or (ii) have passed the ATPL(A) theoretical knowledge examinations in accordance with this Part; or (iii) hold, in addition to a licence issued in accordance with this Part, an ATPL(A) or CPL(A)/IR with theoretical knowledge credit for ATPL(A), issued in accordance with Annex 1 to the Chicago Convention; (3) in addition, pilots seeking the privilege to operate the aeroplane in multi-pilot operations shall meet the requirements of (d)(4).

(c)

Single-pilot high performance complex aeroplanes. Applicants for the issue of a first type rating for a complex single-pilot aeroplane classified as a high performance aeroplane shall, in addition to meeting the requirements of (b), have fulfilled the requirements for a multi-engine IR(A), as established in Subpart G.

(d)

Multi-pilot aeroplanes. An applicant for the first type rating course for a multi-pilot aeroplane shall be a student pilot currently undergoing training on an MPL training course or comply with the following requirements: (1) have at least 70 hours of flight experience as PIC on aeroplanes; (2) hold a multi-engine IR(A); (3) have passed the ATPL(A) theoretical knowledge examinations in accordance with this Part; and (4) except when the type rating course is combined with an MCC course: (i) hold a certificate of satisfactory completion of an MCC course in aeroplanes; or (ii) hold a certificate of satisfactory completion of MCC in helicopters and have more than 100 hours of flight experience as a pilot on multi-pilot helicopters; or (iii) have at least 500 hours as a pilot on multi-pilot helicopters; or (iv) have at least 500 hours as a pilot in multi-pilot operations on single-pilot multi-engine aeroplanes, in commercial air transport in accordance with the applicable air operations requirements.

(e)

Notwithstanding paragraph (d), a Member State may issue a type rating with restricted privileges for multi pilot aeroplane that allows the holder of such rating to act as a cruise relief co-pilot above Flight Level 200, provided that two other members of the crew have a type rating in accordance with paragraph (d).

(f)	Additional multi-pilot and single-pilot high performance complex aeroplane type ratings. An applicant for the issue of additional multi-pilot type ratings and single-pilot high performance complex aeroplanes type ratings shall hold a multi-engine IR(A).

(g)

When so determined in the operational suitability data established in accordance with Part-21, the exercise of the privileges of a type rating may be initially limited to flight under the supervision of an instructor. The flight hours under supervision shall be entered in the pilot’s logbook or equivalent record and signed by the instructor. The limitation shall be removed when the pilot demonstrates that the hours of flight under supervision required by the operational suitability data have been completed.

FCL.725.A   Theoretical knowledge and flight instruction for the issue of class and type ratings — aeroplanes

Unless otherwise determined in the operational suitability data established in accordance with Part-21:

(a)

Single-pilot multi-engine aeroplanes. (1) The theoretical knowledge course for a single-pilot multi-engine class rating shall include at least 7 hours of instruction in multi-engine aeroplane operations. (2) The flight training course for a single-pilot multi-engine class or type rating shall include at least 2 hours and 30 minutes of dual flight instruction under normal conditions of multi-engine aeroplane operations, and not less than 3 hours 30 minutes of dual flight instruction in engine failure procedures and asymmetric flight techniques.

(b)

Single-pilot aeroplanes-sea. The training course for single-pilot aeroplane-sea ratings shall include theoretical knowledge and flight instruction. The flight training for a class or type rating-sea for single-pilot aeroplanes-sea shall include at least 8 hours of dual flight instruction if the applicant holds the land version of the relevant class or type rating, or 10 hours if the applicant does not hold such a rating.

FCL.730.A   Specific requirements for pilots undertaking a zero flight time type rating (ZFTT) course — aeroplanes

(a)   A pilot undertaking instruction at a ZFTT course shall have completed, on a multi-pilot turbo-jet aeroplane certificated to the standards of CS-25 or equivalent airworthiness code or on a multi-pilot turbo-prop aeroplane having a maximum certificated take-off mass of not less than 10 tonnes or a certificated passenger seating configuration of more than 19 passengers, at least:

(1)	if an FFS qualified to level CG, C or interim C is used during the course, 1 500 hours flight time or 250 route sectors;

(2)	if an FFS qualified to level DG or D is used during the course, 500 hours flight time or 100 route sectors.

(b)   When a pilot is changing from a turbo-prop to a turbo-jet aeroplane or from a turbo-jet to a turbo-prop aeroplane, additional simulator training shall be required.

FCL.735.A   Multi-crew cooperation training course — aeroplanes

(a)   The MCC training course shall comprise at least:

(1)	25 hours of theoretical knowledge instruction and exercises; and

(2)	20 hours of practical MCC training, or 15 hours in the case of student pilots attending an ATP integrated course.

An FNPT II MCC or an FFS shall be used. When the MCC training is combined with initial type rating training, the practical MCC training may be reduced to no less than 10 hours if the same FFS is used for both the MCC and type rating training.

(b)   The MCC training course shall be completed within 6 months at an ATO.

(c)   Unless the MCC course has been combined with a type rating course, on completion of the MCC training course the applicant shall be given a certificate of completion.

(d)   An applicant having completed MCC training for any other category of aircraft shall be exempted from the requirement in (a)(1).

FCL.740.A   Revalidation of class and type ratings — aeroplanes

(a)   Revalidation of multi-engine class ratings and type ratings. For revalidation of multi-engine class ratings and type ratings, the applicant shall:

(1)	pass a proficiency check in accordance with Appendix 9 to this Part in the relevant class or type of aeroplane or an FSTD representing that class or type, within the 3 months immediately preceding the expiry date of the rating; and

(2)

complete during the period of validity of the rating, at least: (i) 10 route sectors as pilot of the relevant class or type of aeroplane; or (ii) 1 route sector as pilot of the relevant class or type of aeroplane or FFS, flown with an examiner. This route sector may be flown during the proficiency check.

(3)

A pilot working for a commercial air transport operator approved in accordance with the applicable air operations requirements who has passed the operators proficiency check combined with the proficiency check for the revalidation of the class or type rating shall be exempted from complying with the requirement in (2).

(4)	The revalidation of an IR(A), if held, may be combined with a proficiency check for the revalidation of a class or type rating.

(b)   Revalidation of single-pilot single-engine class ratings.

(1)

Single-engine piston aeroplane class ratings and TMG ratings. For revalidation of single-pilot single-engine piston aeroplane class ratings or TMG class ratings the applicant shall: (i) within the 3 months preceding the expiry date of the rating, pass a proficiency check in the relevant class in accordance with Appendix 9 to this Part with an examiner; or (ii) within the 12 months preceding the expiry date of the rating, complete 12 hours of flight time in the relevant class, including: — 6 hours as PIC, — 12 take-offs and 12 landings, and — a training flight of at least 1 hour with a flight instructor (FI) or a class rating instructor (CRI). Applicants shall be exempted from this flight if they have passed a class or type rating proficiency check or skill test in any other class or type of aeroplane.

(2)	When applicants hold both a single-engine piston aeroplane-land class rating and a TMG rating, they may complete the requirements of (1) in either class, and achieve revalidation of both ratings.

(3)	Single-pilot single-engine turbo-prop aeroplanes. For revalidation of single-engine turbo-prop class ratings applicants shall pass a proficiency check on the relevant class in accordance with Appendix 9 to this Part with an examiner, within the 3 months preceding the expiry date of the rating.

(c)   Applicants who fail to achieve a pass in all sections of a proficiency check before the expiry date of a class or type rating shall not exercise the privileges of that rating until a pass in the proficiency check has been achieved.

SECTION 3

Specific requirements for the helicopter category

FCL.720.H   Experience requirements and prerequisites for the issue of type ratings — helicopters

Unless otherwise determined in the operational suitability data established in accordance with Part-21, an applicant for the issue of the first helicopter type rating shall comply with the following experience requirements and prerequisites for the issue of the relevant rating:

(a)

Multi-pilot helicopters. An applicant for the first type rating course for a multi-pilot helicopter type shall: (1) have at least 70 hours as PIC on helicopters; (2) except when the type rating course is combined with an MCC course: (i) hold a certificate of satisfactory completion of an MCC course in helicopters; or (ii) have at least 500 hours as a pilot on multi-pilot aeroplanes; or (iii) have at least 500 hours as a pilot in multi-pilot operations on multi-engine helicopters; (3) have passed the ATPL(H) theoretical knowledge examinations.

(b)

An applicant for the first type rating course for a multi-pilot helicopter type who is a graduate from an ATP(H)/IR, ATP(H), CPL(H)/IR or CPL(H) integrated course and who does not comply with the requirement of (a)(1), shall have the type rating issued with the privileges limited to exercising functions as co-pilot only. The limitation shall be removed once the pilot has: (1) completed 70 hours as PIC or pilot-in-command under supervision of helicopters; (2) passed the multi-pilot skill test on the applicable helicopter type as PIC.

(c)

Single-pilot multi-engine helicopters. An applicant for the issue of a first type rating for a single-pilot multi-engine helicopter shall: (1) before starting flight training: (i) have passed the ATPL(H) theoretical knowledge examinations; or (ii) hold a certificate of completion of a pre-entry course conducted by an ATO. The course shall cover the following subjects of the ATPL(H) theoretical knowledge course: — Aircraft General Knowledge: airframe/systems/power plant, and instrument/electronics, — Flight Performance and Planning: mass and balance, performance; (2) in the case of applicants who have not completed an ATP(H)/IR, ATP(H), or CPL(H)/IR integrated training course, have completed at least 70 hours as PIC on helicopters.

FCL.735.H   Multi-crew cooperation training course — helicopters

(a)   The MCC training course shall comprise at least:

(1)

for MCC/IR: (i) 25 hours of theoretical knowledge instruction and exercises; and (ii) 20 hours of practical MCC training or 15 hours, in the case of student pilots attending an ATP(H)/IR integrated course. When the MCC training is combined with the initial type rating training for a multi-pilot helicopter, the practical MCC training may be reduced to not less than 10 hours if the same FSTD is used for both MCC and type rating;

(2)

for MCC/VFR: (i) 25 hours of theoretical knowledge instruction and exercises; and (ii) 15 hours of practical MCC training or 10 hours, in the case of student pilots attending an ATP(H)/IR integrated course. When the MCC training is combined with the initial type rating training for a multi-pilot helicopter, the practical MCC training may be reduced to not less than 7 hours if the same FSTD is used for both MCC and type rating.

(b)   The MCC training course shall be completed within 6 months at an ATO.

An FNPT II or III qualified for MCC, an FTD 2/3 or an FFS shall be used.

(c)   Unless the MCC course has been combined with a multi-pilot type rating course, on completion of the MCC training course the applicant shall be given a certificate of completion.

(d)   An applicant having completed MCC training for any other category of aircraft shall be exempted from the requirement in (a)(1)(i) or (a)(2)(i), as applicable.

(e)   An applicant for MCC/IR training who has completed MCC/VFR training shall be exempted from the requirement in (a)(1)(i), and shall complete 5 hours of practical MCC/IR training.

FCL.740.H   Revalidation of type ratings — helicopters

(a)   Revalidation. For revalidation of type ratings for helicopters, the applicant shall:

(1)	pass a proficiency check in accordance with Appendix 9 to this Part in the relevant type of helicopter or an FSTD representing that type within the 3 months immediately preceding the expiry date of the rating; and

(2)	complete at least 2 hours as a pilot of the relevant helicopter type within the validity period of the rating. The duration of the proficiency check may be counted towards the 2 hours.

(3)

When applicants hold more than 1 type rating for single-engine piston helicopters, they may achieve revalidation of all the relevant type ratings by completing the proficiency check in only 1 of the relevant types held, provided that they have completed at least 2 hours of flight time as PIC on the other types during the validity period. The proficiency check shall be performed each time on a different type.

(4)

When applicants hold more than 1 type rating for single-engine turbine helicopters with a maximum certificated take-off mass up to 3 175 kg, they may achieve revalidation of all the relevant type ratings by completing the proficiency check in only 1 of the relevant types held, provided that they have completed: (i) 300 hours as PIC on helicopters; (ii) 15 hours on each of the types held; and (iii) at least 2 hours of PIC flight time on each of the other types during the validity period. The proficiency check shall be performed each time on a different type.

(5)	A pilot who successfully completes a skill test for the issue of an additional type rating shall achieve revalidation for the relevant type ratings in the common groups, in accordance with (3) and (4).

(6)	The revalidation of an IR(H), if held, may be combined with a proficiency check for a type rating.

(b)   An applicant who fails to achieve a pass in all sections of a proficiency check before the expiry date of a type rating shall not exercise the privileges of that rating until a pass in the proficiency check has been achieved. In the case of (a)(3) and (4), the applicant shall not exercise his/her privileges in any of the types.

SECTION 4

Specific requirements for the powered-lift aircraft category

FCL.720.PL   Experience requirements and prerequisites for the issue of type ratings — powered-lift aircraft

Unless otherwise determined in the operational suitability data established in accordance with Part-21, an applicant for the first issue of a powered-lift type rating shall comply with the following experience requirements and prerequisites:

(a)	for pilots of aeroplanes: (1) hold a CPL/IR(A) with ATPL theoretical knowledge or an ATPL(A); (2) hold a certificate of completion of an MCC course; (3) have completed more than 100 hours as pilot on multi-pilot aeroplanes; (4) have completed 40 hours of flight instruction in helicopters;

(b)	for pilots of helicopters: (1) hold a CPL/IR(H) with ATPL theoretical knowledge or an ATPL/IR(H); (2) hold a certificate of completion of an MCC course; (3) have completed more than 100 hours as a pilot on multi-pilot helicopters; (4) have completed 40 hours of flight instruction in aeroplanes;

(c)

for pilots qualified to fly both aeroplanes and helicopters: (1) hold at least a CPL(H); (2) hold an IR and ATPL theoretical knowledge or an ATPL in either aeroplanes or helicopters; (3) hold a certificate of completion of an MCC course in either helicopters or aeroplanes; (4) have completed at least 100 hours as a pilot on multi-pilot helicopters or aeroplanes; (5) have completed 40 hours of flight instruction in aeroplanes or helicopters, as applicable, if the pilot has no experience as ATPL or on multi-pilot aircraft.

FCL.725.PL   Flight instruction for the issue of type ratings — powered-lift aircraft

The flight instruction part of the training course for a powered-lift type rating shall be completed in both the aircraft and an FSTD representing the aircraft and adequately qualified for this purpose.

FCL.740.PL   Revalidation of type ratings — powered-lift aircraft

(a)   Revalidation. For revalidation of powered-lift type ratings, the applicant shall:

(1)	pass a proficiency check in accordance with Appendix 9 to this Part in the relevant type of powered-lift within the 3 months immediately preceding the expiry date of the rating;

(2)

complete during the period of validity of the rating, at least: (i) 10 route sectors as pilot of the relevant type of powered-lift aircraft; or (ii) 1 route sector as pilot of the relevant type of powered-lift aircraft or FFS, flown with an examiner. This route sector may be flown during the proficiency check.

(3)

A pilot working for a commercial air transport operator approved in accordance with the applicable air operations requirements who has passed the operators proficiency check combined with the proficiency check for the revalidation of the type rating shall be exempted from complying with the requirement in (2).

(b)   An applicant who fails to achieve a pass in all sections of a proficiency check before the expiry date of a type rating shall not exercise the privileges of that rating until the a pass in the proficiency check has been achieved.

SECTION 5

Specific requirements for the airship category

FCL.720.As   Prerequisites for the issue of type ratings — airships

Unless otherwise determined in the operational suitability data established in accordance with Part-21, an applicant for the first issue of an airship type rating shall comply with the following experience requirements and prerequisites:

(a)

for multi-pilot airships: (1) have completed 70 hours of flight time as PIC on airships; (2) hold a certificate of satisfactory completion of MCC on airships. (3) An applicant who does not comply with the requirement in (2) shall have the type rating issued with the privileges limited to exercising functions as co-pilot only. The limitation shall be removed once the pilot has completed 100 hours of flight time as PIC or pilot-in-command under supervision of airships.

FCL.735.As   Multi-crew cooperation training course — airships

(a)   The MCC training course shall comprise at least:

(1)	12 hours of theoretical knowledge instruction and exercises; and

(2)	5 hours of practical MCC training;

(3)	An FNPT II, or III qualified for MCC, an FTD 2/3 or an FFS shall be used.

(b)   The MCC training course shall be completed within 6 months at an ATO.

(c)   Unless the MCC course has been combined with a multi-pilot type rating course, on completion of the MCC training course the applicant shall be given a certificate of completion.

(d)   An applicant having completed MCC training for any other category of aircraft shall be exempted from the requirements in (a).

FCL.740.As   Revalidation of type ratings — airships

(a)   Revalidation. For revalidation of type ratings for airships, the applicant shall:

(1)	pass a proficiency check in accordance with Appendix 9 to this Part in the relevant type of airship within the 3 months immediately preceding the expiry date of the rating; and

(2)	complete at least 2 hours as a pilot of the relevant airship type within the validity period of the rating. The duration of the proficiency check may be counted towards the 2 hours.

(3)	The revalidation of an IR(As), if held, may be combined with a proficiency check for the revalidation of a class or type rating.

(b)   An applicant who fails to achieve a pass in all sections of a proficiency check before the expiry date of a type rating shall not exercise the privileges of that rating until a pass in the proficiency check has been achieved.

SUBPART I

ADDITIONAL RATINGS

FCL.800   Aerobatic rating

(a)   Holders of a pilot licence for aeroplanes, TMG or sailplanes shall only undertake aerobatic flights when they hold the appropriate rating.

(b)   Applicants for an aerobatic rating shall have completed:

(1)	at least 40 hours of flight time or, in the case of sailplanes, 120 launches as PIC in the appropriate aircraft category, completed after the issue of the licence;

(2)	a training course at an ATO, including: (i) theoretical knowledge instruction appropriate for the rating; (ii) at least 5 hours or 20 flights of aerobatic instruction in the appropriate aircraft category.

(c)   The privileges of the aerobatic rating shall be limited to the aircraft category in which the flight instruction was completed. The privileges will be extended to another category of aircraft if the pilot holds a licence for that aircraft category and has successfully completed at least 3 dual training flights covering the full aerobatic training syllabus in that category of aircraft.

FCL.805   Sailplane towing and banner towing ratings

(a)   Holders of a pilot licence with privileges to fly aeroplanes or TMGs shall only tow sailplanes or banners when they hold the appropriate sailplane towing or banner towing rating.

(b)   Applicants for a sailplane towing rating shall have completed:

(1)	at least 30 hours of flight time as PIC and 60 take-offs and landings in aeroplanes, if the activity is to be carried out in aeroplanes, or in TMGs, if the activity is to be carried out in TMGs, completed after the issue of the licence;

(2)

a training course at an ATO including: (i) theoretical knowledge instruction on towing operations and procedures; (ii) at least 10 instruction flights towing a sailplane, including at least 5 dual instruction flights; and (iii) except for holders of an LAPL(S) or an SPL, 5 familiarisation flights in a sailplane which is launched by an aircraft.

(c)   Applicants for a banner towing rating shall have completed:

(1)	at least 100 hours of flight time and 200 take-offs and landings as PIC on aeroplanes or TMG, after the issue of the licence. At least 30 of these hours shall be in aeroplanes, if the activity is to be carried out in aeroplanes, or in TMG, if the activity is to be carried out in TMGs;

(2)	a training course at an ATO including: (i) theoretical knowledge instruction on towing operations and procedures; (ii) at least 10 instruction flights towing a banner, including at least 5 dual flights.

(d)   The privileges of the sailplane and banner towing ratings shall be limited to aeroplanes or TMG, depending on which aircraft the flight instruction was completed. The privileges will be extended if the pilot holds a licence for aeroplanes or TMG and has successfully completed at least 3 dual training flights covering the full towing training syllabus in either aircraft, as relevant.

(e)   In order to exercise the privileges of the sailplane or banner towing ratings, the holder of the rating shall have completed a minimum of 5 tows during the last 24 months.

(f)   When the pilot does not comply with the requirement in (e), before resuming the exercise of his/her privileges, the pilot shall complete the missing tows with or under the supervision of an instructor.

FCL.810   Night rating

(a)   Aeroplanes, TMGs, airships.

(1)

If the privileges of an LAPL or a PPL for aeroplanes, TMGs or airships are to be exercised in VFR conditions at night, applicants shall have completed a training course at an ATO. The course shall comprise: (i) theoretical knowledge instruction; (ii) at least 5 hours of flight time in the appropriate aircraft category at night, including at least 3 hours of dual instruction, including at least 1 hour of cross-country navigation with at least one dual cross-country flight of at least 50 km and 5 solo take-offs and 5 solo full-stop landings.

(2)	Before completing the training at night, LAPL holders shall have completed the basic instrument flight training required for the issue of the PPL.

(3)	When applicants hold both a single-engine piston aeroplane (land) and a TMG class rating, they may complete the requirements in (1) above in either class or both classes.

(b)   Helicopters. If the privileges of a PPL for helicopters are to be exercised in VFR conditions at night, the applicant shall have:

(1)	completed at least 100 hours of flight time as pilot in helicopters after the issue of the licence, including at least 60 hours as PIC on helicopters and 20 hours of cross-country flight;

(2)

completed a training course at an ATO. The course shall be completed within a period of 6 months and comprise: (i) 5 hours of theoretical knowledge instruction; (ii) 10 hours of helicopter dual instrument instruction time; and (iii) 5 hours of flight time at night, including at least 3 hours of dual instruction, including at least 1 hour of cross-country navigation and 5 solo night circuits. Each circuit shall include a take-off and a landing.

(3)	An applicant who holds or has held an IR in an aeroplane or TMG, shall be credited with 5 hours towards the requirement in (2)(ii) above.

(c)   Balloons. If the privileges of an LAPL for balloons or a BPL are to be exercised in VFR conditions at night, applicants shall complete at least 2 instruction flights at night of at least 1 hour each.

FCL.815   Mountain rating

(a)   Privileges. The privileges of the holder of a mountain rating are to conduct flights with aeroplanes or TMG to and from surfaces designated as requiring such a rating by the appropriate authorities designated by the Member States.

The initial mountain rating may be obtained either on:

(1)	wheels, to grant the privilege to fly to and from such surfaces when they are not covered by snow; or

(2)	skis, to grant the privilege to fly to and from such surfaces when they are covered by snow.

(3)	The privileges of the initial rating may be extended to either wheel or ski privileges when the pilot has undertaken an appropriate additional familiarisation course, including theoretical knowledge instruction and flight training, with a mountain flight instructor.

(b)   Training course. Applicants for a mountain rating shall have completed, within a period of 24 months, a course of theoretical knowledge instruction and flight training at an ATO. The content of the course shall be appropriate to the privileges sought.

(c)   Skill test. After the completion of the training, the applicant shall pass a skill test with an FE qualified for this purpose. The skill test shall contain:

(1)	a verbal examination of theoretical knowledge;

(2)	6 landings on at least 2 different surfaces designated as requiring a mountain rating other than the surface of departure.

(d)   Validity. A mountain rating shall be valid for a period of 24 months.

(e)   Revalidation. For revalidation of a mountain rating, the applicant shall:

(1)	have completed at least 6 mountain landings in the past 24 months; or

(2)	pass a proficiency check. The proficiency check shall comply with the requirements in (c).

(f)   Renewal. If the rating has lapsed, the applicant shall comply with the requirement in (e)(2).

FCL.820   Flight test rating

(a)   Holders of a pilot licence for aeroplanes or helicopters shall only act as PIC in category 1 or 2 flight tests, as defined in Part-21, when they hold a flight test rating.

(b)   The obligation to hold a flight test rating established in (a) shall only apply to flight tests conducted on:

(1)	helicopters certificated or to be certificated in accordance with the standards of CS-27 or CS-29 or equivalent airworthiness codes; or

(2)	aeroplanes certificated or to be certificated in accordance with: (i) the standards of CS-25 or equivalent airworthiness codes; or (ii) the standards of CS-23 or equivalent airworthiness codes, except for aeroplanes with an maximum take-off mass of less than 2 000 kg.

(c)   The privileges of the holder of a flight test rating are to, within the relevant aircraft category:

(1)	in the case of a category 1 flight test rating, conduct all categories of flight tests, as defined in Part-21, either as PIC or co-pilot;

(2)

in the case of a category 2 flight test rating: (i) conduct category 1 flight tests, as defined in Part-21: — as a co-pilot, or — as PIC, in the case of aeroplanes referred to in (b)(2)(ii), except for those within the commuter category or having a design diving speed above 0,6 mach or a maximum ceiling above 25 000 feet; (ii) conduct all other categories of flight tests, as defined in Part-21, either as PIC or co-pilot;

(3)	in addition, for both category 1 or 2 flight test ratings, to conduct flights specifically related to the activity of design and production organisations, within the scope of their privileges, when the requirements of Subpart H may not be complied with.

(d)   Applicants for the first issue of a flight test rating shall:

(1)	hold at least a CPL and an IR in the appropriate aircraft category;

(2)	have completed at least 1 000 hours of flight time in the appropriate aircraft category, of which at least 400 hours as PIC;

(3)	have completed a training course at an ATO appropriate to the intended aircraft and category of flights. The training shall cover at least the following subjects: — Performance, — Stability and control/Handling qualities, — Systems, — Test management, — Risk/Safety management.

(e)   The privileges of holders of a flight test rating may be extended to another category of flight test and another category of aircraft when they have completed an additional course of training at an ATO.

SUBPART J

INSTRUCTORS

SECTION 1

Common requirements

FCL.900   Instructor certificates

(a)   General. A person shall only carry out:

(1)	flight instruction in aircraft when he/she holds: (i) a pilot licence issued or accepted in accordance with this Regulation; (ii) an instructor certificate appropriate to the instruction given, issued in accordance with this Subpart;

(2)	synthetic flight instruction or MCC instruction when he/she holds an instructor certificate appropriate to the instruction given, issued in accordance with this Subpart.

(b)   Special conditions:

(1)

In the case of introduction of new aircraft in the Member States or in an operator’s fleet, when compliance with the requirements established in this Subpart is not possible, the competent authority may issue a specific certificate giving privileges for flight instruction. Such a certificate shall be limited to the instruction flights necessary for the introduction of the new type of aircraft and its validity shall not, in any case, exceed 1 year.

(2)

Holders of a certificate issued in accordance with (b)(1) who wish to apply for the issue of an instructor certificate shall comply with the prerequisites and revalidation requirements established for that category of instructor. Notwithstanding FCL.905.TRI(b), a TRI certificate issued in accordance with this (sub)paragraph will include the privilege to instruct for the issue of a TRI or SFI certificate for the relevant type.

(c)   Instruction outside the territory of the Member States:

(1)

Notwithstanding paragraph (a), in the case of flight instruction provided in an ATO located outside the territory of the Member States, the competent authority may issue an instructor certificate to an applicant holding a pilot licence issued by a third country in accordance with Annex 1 to the Chicago Convention, provided that the applicant: (i) holds at least an equivalent licence, rating, or certificate to the one for which they are authorised to instruct and in any case at least a CPL; (ii) complies with the requirements established in this Subpart for the issue of the relevant instructor certificate; (iii) demonstrates to the competent authority an adequate level of knowledge of European aviation safety rules to be able to exercise instructional privileges in accordance with this Part.

(2)	The certificate shall be limited to providing flight instruction: (i) in ATOs located outside the territory of the Member States; (ii) to student pilots who have sufficient knowledge of the language in which flight instruction is given.

FCL.915   General prerequisites and requirements for instructors

(a)   General. An applicant for an instructor certificate shall be at least 18 years of age.

(b)   Additional requirements for instructors providing flight instruction in aircraft. An applicant for or the holder of an instructor certificate with privileges to conduct flight instruction in an aircraft shall:

(1)	hold at least the licence and, where relevant, the rating for which flight instruction is to be given;

(2)

except in the case of the flight test instructor, have: (i) completed at least 15 hours of flight as a pilot on the class or type of aircraft on which flight instruction is to be given, of which a maximum of 7 hours may be in an FSTD representing the class or type of aircraft, if applicable; or (ii) passed an assessment of competence for the relevant category of instructor on that class or type of aircraft;

(3)	be entitled to act as PIC on the aircraft during such flight instruction.

(c)   Credit towards further ratings and for the purpose of revalidation:

(1)	Applicants for further instructor certificates may be credited with the teaching and learning skills already demonstrated for the instructor certificate held.

(2)	Hours flown as an examiner during skill tests or proficiency checks shall be credited in full towards revalidation requirements for all instructor certificates held.

FCL.920   Instructor competencies and assessment

All instructors shall be trained to achieve the following competences:

—	Prepare resources,

—	Create a climate conducive to learning,

—	Present knowledge,

—	Integrate Threat and Error Management (TEM) and crew resource management,

—	Manage time to achieve training objectives,

—	Facilitate learning,

—	Assess trainee performance,

—	Monitor and review progress,

—	Evaluate training sessions,

—	Report outcome.

FCL.925   Additional requirements for instructors for the MPL

(a)   Instructors conducting training for the MPL shall:

(1)	have successfully completed an MPL instructor training course at an ATO; and

(2)

additionally, for the basic, intermediate and advanced phases of the MPL integrated training course: (i) be experienced in multi-pilot operations; and (ii) have completed initial crew resource management training with a commercial air transport operator approved in accordance with the applicable air operations requirements.

(b)   MPL instructors training course

(1)	The MPL instructor training course shall comprise at least 14 hours of training. Upon completion of the training course, the applicant shall undertake an assessment of instructor competencies and of knowledge of the competency-based approach to training.

(2)	The assessment shall consist of a practical demonstration of flight instruction in the appropriate phase of the MPL training course. This assessment shall be conducted by an examiner qualified in accordance with Subpart K.

(3)	Upon successful completion of the MPL training course, the ATO shall issue an MPL instructor qualification certificate to the applicant.

(c)   In order to maintain the privileges, the instructor shall have, within the preceding 12 months, conducted within an MPL training course:

(1)	1 simulator session of at least 3 hours; or

(2)	1 air exercise of at least 1 hour comprising at least 2 take-offs and landings.

(d)   If the instructor has not fulfilled the requirements of (c), before exercising the privileges to conduct flight instruction for the MPL he/she shall:

(1)	receive refresher training at an ATO to reach the level of competence necessary to pass the assessment of instructor competencies; and

(2)	pass the assessment of instructor competencies as set out in (b)(2).

FCL.930   Training course

Applicants for an instructor certificate shall have completed a course of theoretical knowledge and flight instruction at an ATO. In addition to the specific elements prescribed in this Part for each category of instructor, the course shall contain the elements required in FCL.920.

FCL.935   Assessment of competence

(a)   Except for the multi-crew cooperation instructor (MCCI), the synthetic training instructor (STI), the mountain rating instructor (MI) and the flight test instructor (FTI), an applicant for an instructor certificate shall pass an assessment of competence in the appropriate aircraft category to demonstrate to an examiner qualified in accordance with Subpart K the ability to instruct a student pilot to the level required for the issue of the relevant licence, rating or certificate.

(b)   This assessment shall include:

(1)	the demonstration of the competencies described in FCL.920, during pre-flight, post-flight and theoretical knowledge instruction;

(2)	oral theoretical examinations on the ground, pre-flight and post-flight briefings and in-flight demonstrations in the appropriate aircraft class, type or FSTD;

(3)	exercises adequate to evaluate the instructor’s competencies.

(c)   The assessment shall be performed on the same class or type of aircraft or FSTD used for the flight instruction.

(d)   When an assessment of competence is required for revalidation of an instructor certificate, an applicant who fails to achieve a pass in the assessment before the expiry date of an instructor certificate shall not exercise the privileges of that certificate until the assessment has successfully been completed.

FCL.940   Validity of instructor certificates

With the exception of the MI, and without prejudice to FCL.900(b)(1), instructor certificates shall be valid for a period of 3 years.

SECTION 2

Specific requirements for the flight instructor — FI

FCL.905.FI   FI — Privileges and conditions

The privileges of an FI are to conduct flight instruction for the issue, revalidation or renewal of:

(a)	a PPL, SPL, BPL and LAPL in the appropriate aircraft category;

(b)	class and type ratings for single-pilot, single-engine aircraft, except for single-pilot high performance complex aeroplanes; class and group extensions for balloons and class extensions for sailplanes;

(c)	type ratings for single or multi-pilot airship;

(d)	a CPL in the appropriate aircraft category, provided that the FI has completed at least 500 hours of flight time as a pilot on that aircraft category, including at least 200 hours of flight instruction;

(e)	the night rating, provided that the FI: (1) is qualified to fly at night in the appropriate aircraft category; (2) has demonstrated the ability to instruct at night to an FI qualified in accordance with (i) below; and (3) complies with the night experience requirement of FCL.060(b)(2);

(f)	a towing or aerobatic rating, provided that such privileges are held and the FI has demonstrated the ability to instruct for that rating to an FI qualified in accordance with (i) below;

(g)

an IR in the appropriate aircraft category, provided that the FI has: (1) at least 200 hours of flight time under IFR, of which up to 50 hours may be instrument ground time in an FFS, an FTD 2/3 or FNPT II; (2) completed as a student pilot the IRI training course and has passed an assessment of competence for the IRI certificate; and (3) in addition: (i) for multi-engine aeroplanes, met the requirements for the issue of a CRI certificate; (ii) for multi-engine helicopters, met the requirements for the issue of a TRI certificate;

(h)

single-pilot multi-engine class or type ratings, except for single-pilot high performance complex aeroplanes, provided that the FI meets: (1) in the case of aeroplanes, the prerequisites for the CRI training course established in FCL.915.CRI(a) and the requirements of FCL.930.CRI and FCL.935; (2) in the case of helicopters, the requirements established in FCL.910.TRI(c)(1) and the prerequisites for the TRI(H) training course established in FCL.915.TRI(b)(2);

(i)

an FI, IRI, CRI, STI or MI certificate provided that the FI has: (1) completed at least: (i) in the case of an FI(S), at least 50 hours or 150 launches of flight instruction on sailplanes; (ii) in the case of an FI(B), at least 50 hours or 50 take-offs of flight instruction on balloons; (iii) in all other cases, 500 hours of flight instruction in the appropriate aircraft category; (2) passed an assessment of competence in accordance with FCL.935 in the appropriate aircraft category to demonstrate to a Flight Instructor Examiner (FIE) the ability to instruct for the FI certificate;

(j)

an MPL, provided that the FI: (1) for the core flying phase of the training, has completed at least 500 hours of flight time as a pilot on aeroplanes, including at least 200 hours of flight instruction; (2) for the basic phase of the training: (i) holds a multi-engine aeroplane IR and the privilege to instruct for an IR; and (ii) has at least 1 500 hours of flight time in multi-crew operations; (3) in the case of an FI already qualified to instruct on ATP(A) or CPL(A)/IR integrated courses, the requirement of (2)(ii) may be replaced by the completion of a structured course of training consisting of: (i) MCC qualification; (ii) observing 5 sessions of flight instruction in Phase 3 of an MPL course; (iii) observing 5 sessions of flight instruction in Phase 4 of an MPL course; (iv) observing 5 operator recurrent line oriented flight training sessions; (v) the content of the MCCI instructor course. In this case, the FI shall conduct its first 5 instructor sessions under the supervision of a TRI(A), MCCI(A) or SFI(A) qualified for MPL flight instruction.

FCL.910.FI   FI — Restricted privileges

(a)   An FI shall have his/her privileges limited to conducting flight instruction under the supervision of an FI for the same category of aircraft nominated by the ATO for this purpose, in the following cases:

(1)	for the issue of the PPL, SPL, BPL and LAPL;

(2)	in all integrated courses at PPL level, in case of aeroplanes and helicopters;

(3)	for class and type ratings for single-pilot, single-engine aircraft, class and group extensions in the case of balloons and class extensions in the case of sailplanes;

(4)	for the night, towing or aerobatic ratings.

(b)   While conducting training under supervision, in accordance with (a), the FI shall not have the privilege to authorise student pilots to conduct first solo flights and first solo cross-country flights.

(c)   The limitations in (a) and (b) shall be removed from the FI certificate when the FI has completed at least:

(1)	for the FI(A), 100 hours of flight instruction in aeroplanes or TMGs and, in addition has supervised at least 25 student solo flights;

(2)	for the FI(H) 100 hours of flight instruction in helicopters and, in addition has supervised at least 25 student solo flight air exercises;

(3)	for the FI(As), FI(S) and FI(B), 15 hours or 50 take-offs of flight instruction covering the full training syllabus for the issue of a PPL(As), SPL or BPL in the appropriate aircraft category.

FCL.915.FI   FI — Prerequisites

An applicant for an FI certificate shall:

(a)

in the case of the FI(A) and FI(H): (1) have received at least 10 hours of instrument flight instruction on the appropriate aircraft category, of which not more than 5 hours may be instrument ground time in an FSTD; (2) have completed 20 hours of VFR cross-country flight on the appropriate aircraft category as PIC; and

(b)

additionally, for the FI(A): (1) hold at least a CPL(A); or (2) hold at least a PPL(A) and have: (i) met the requirements for CPL theoretical knowledge, except for an FI(A) providing training for the LAPL(A) only; and (ii) completed at least 200 hours of flight time on aeroplanes or TMGs, of which 150 hours as PIC; (3) have completed at least 30 hours on single-engine piston powered aeroplanes of which at least 5 hours shall have been completed during the 6 months preceding the pre-entry flight test set out in FCL.930.FI(a); (4) have completed a VFR cross-country flight as PIC, including a flight of at least 540 km (300 NM) in the course of which full stop landings at 2 different aerodromes shall be made;

(c)

additionally, for the FI(H), have completed 250 hours total flight time as pilot on helicopters of which: (1) at least 100 hours shall be as PIC, if the applicant holds at least a CPL(H); or (2) at least 200 hours as PIC, if the applicant holds at least a PPL(H) and has met the requirements for CPL theoretical knowledge;

(d)	for an FI(As), have completed 500 hours of flight time on airships as PIC, of which 400 hours shall be as PIC holding a CPL(As);

(e)

for an FI(S), have completed 100 hours of flight time and 200 launches as PIC on sailplanes. Additionally, where the applicant wishes to give flight instruction on TMGs, he/she shall have completed 30 hours of flight time as PIC on TMGs and an additional assessment of competence on a TMG in accordance with FCL.935 with an FI qualified in accordance with FCL.905.FI(j);

(f)	for an FI(B), have completed 75 hours of balloon flight time as PIC, of which at least 15 hours have to be in the class for which flight instruction will be given.

FCL.930.FI   FI — Training course

(a)   Applicants for the FI certificate shall have passed a specific pre-entry flight test with an FI qualified in accordance with FCL.905.FI(i) within the 6 months preceding the start of the course, to assess their ability to undertake the course. This pre-entry flight test shall be based on the proficiency check for class and type ratings as set out in Appendix 9 to this Part.

(b)   The FI training course shall include:

(1)	25 hours of teaching and learning;

(2)	(i) in the case of an FI(A), (H) and (As), at least 100 hours of theoretical knowledge instruction, including progress tests; (ii) in the case of an FI(B) or FI(S), at least 30 hours of theoretical knowledge instruction, including progress tests;

(3)

(i) in the case of an FI(A) and (H), at least 30 hours of flight instruction, of which 25 hours shall be dual flight instruction, of which 5 hours may be conducted in an FFS, an FNPT I or II or an FTD 2/3; (ii) in the case of an FI(As), at least 20 hours of flight instruction, of which 15 hours shall be dual flight instruction; (iii) in the case of an FI(S), at least 6 hours or 20 take-offs of flight instruction; (iv) in the case of an FI(S) providing training on TMGs, at least 6 hours of dual flight instruction on TMGs; (v) in the case of an FI(B), at least 3 hours including 3 take-offs of flight instruction. When applying for an FI certificate in another category of aircraft, pilots holding or having held: (1) an FI(A), (H) or (As) shall be credited with 55 hours towards the requirement in (b)(2)(i) or with 18 hours towards the requirements in (b)(2)(ii).

FCL.940.FI   FI — Revalidation and renewal

(a)   For revalidation of an FI certificate, the holder shall fulfil 2 of the following 3 requirements:

(1)

complete: (i) in the case of an FI(A) and (H), at least 50 hours of flight instruction in the appropriate aircraft category during the period of validity of the certificate as, FI, TRI, CRI, IRI, MI or examiner. If the privileges to instruct for the IR are to be revalidated, 10 of these hours shall be flight instruction for an IR and shall have been completed within the last 12 months preceding the expiry date of the FI certificate; (ii) in the case of an FI(As), at least 20 hours of flight instruction in airships as FI, IRI or as examiner during the period of validity of the certificate. If the privileges to instruct for the IR are to be revalidated, 10 of these hours shall be flight instruction for an IR and shall have been completed within the last 12 months preceding the expiry date of the FI certificate; (iii) in the case of an FI(S), at least 30 hours or 60 take-offs of flight instruction in sailplanes, powered sailplanes or TMG as, FI or as examiner during the period of validity of the certificate; (iv) in the case of an FI(B), at least 6 hours of flight instruction in balloons as, FI or as examiner during the period of validity of the certificate;

(2)	attend an instructor refresher seminar, within the validity period of the FI certificate;

(3)	pass an assessment of competence in accordance with FCL.935, within the 12 months preceding the expiry date of the FI certificate.

(b)   For the at least each alternate subsequent revalidation in the case of FI(A) or FI(H), or each third revalidation, in the case of FI(As), (S) and (B), the holder shall have to pass an assessment of competence in accordance with FCL.935.

(c)   Renewal. If the FI certificate has lapsed, the applicant shall, within a period of 12 months before renewal:

(1)	attend an instructor refresher seminar;

(2)	pass an assessment of competence in accordance with FCL.935.

SECTION 4

Specific requirements for the type rating instructor — TRI

FCL.905.TRI   TRI — Privileges and conditions

The privileges of a TRI are to instruct for:

(a)	the revalidation and renewal of IRs, provided the TRI holds a valid IR;

(b)	the issue of a TRI or SFI certificate, provided that the holder has 3 years of experience as a TRI; and

(c)

in the case of the TRI for single-pilot aeroplanes: (1) the issue, revalidation and renewal of type ratings for single-pilot high performance complex aeroplanes when the applicant seeks privileges to operate in single-pilot operations. The privileges of the TRI(SPA) may be extended to flight instruction for single-pilot high performance complex aeroplanes type ratings in multi-pilot operations, provided that the TRI: (i) holds an MCCI certificate; or (ii) holds or has held a TRI certificate for multi-pilot aeroplanes; (2) the MPL course on the basic phase, provided that he/she has the privileges extended to multi-pilot operations and holds or has held an FI(A) or an IRI(A) certificate;

(d)

in the case of the TRI for multi-pilot aeroplanes: (1) the issue, revalidation and renewal of type ratings for: (i) multi-pilot aeroplanes; (ii) single-pilot high performance complex aeroplanes when the applicant seeks privileges to operate in multi-pilot operations; (2) MCC training; (3) the MPL course on the basic, intermediate and advanced phases, provided that, for the basic phase, they hold or have held an FI(A) or IRI(A) certificate;

(e)	in the case of the TRI for helicopters: (1) the issue, revalidation and renewal of helicopter type ratings; (2) MCC training, provided he/she holds a multi-pilot helicopter type rating; (3) the extension of the single-engine IR(H) to multi-engine IR(H);

(f)	in the case of the TRI for powered-lift aircraft: (1) the issue, revalidation and renewal of powered-lift type ratings; (2) MCC training.

FCL.910.TRI   TRI — Restricted privileges

(a)   General. If the TRI training is carried out in an FFS only, the privileges of the TRI shall be restricted to training in the FFS.

In this case, the TRI may conduct line flying under supervision, provided that the TRI training course has included additional training for this purpose.

(b)   TRI for aeroplanes and for powered-lift aircraft — TRI(A) and TRI(PL). The privileges of a TRI are restricted to the type of aeroplane or powered-lift aircraft in which the training and the assessment of competence was taken. The privileges of the TRI shall be extended to further types when the TRI has:

(1)	completed within the 12 months preceding the application, at least 15 route sectors, including take-offs and landings on the applicable aircraft type, of which 7 sectors may be completed in an FFS;

(2)	completed the technical training and flight instruction parts of the relevant TRI course;

(3)

passed the relevant sections of the assessment of competence in accordance with FCL.935 in order to demonstrate to an FIE or a TRE qualified in accordance with Subpart K his/her ability to instruct a pilot to the level required for the issue of a type rating, including pre-flight, post-flight and theoretical knowledge instruction.

(c)   TRI for helicopters — TRI(H).

(1)

The privileges of a TRI(H) are restricted to the type of helicopter in which the skill test for the issue of the TRI certificate was taken. The privileges of the TRI shall be extended to further types when the TRI has: (i) completed the appropriate type technical part of the TRI course on the applicable type of helicopter or an FSTD representing that type; (ii) conducted at least 2 hours of flight instruction on the applicable type, under the supervision of an adequately qualified TRI(H); and (iii) passed the relevant sections of the assessment of competence in accordance with FCL.935 in order to demonstrate to an FIE or TRE qualified in accordance with Subpart K his/her ability to instruct a pilot to the level required for the issue of a type rating, including pre-flight, post-flight and theoretical knowledge instruction.

(2)	Before the privileges of a TRI(H) are extended from single-pilot to multi-pilot privileges on the same type of helicopters, the holder shall have at least 100 hours in multi-pilot operations on this type.

(d)   Notwithstanding the paragraphs above, holders of a TRI certificate who have been issued with a type rating in accordance with FCL.725(e) shall be entitled to have their TRI privileges extended to that new type of aircraft.

FCL.915.TRI   TRI — Prerequisites

An applicant for a TRI certificate shall:

(a)	hold a CPL, MPL or ATPL pilot licence on the applicable aircraft category;

(b)

for a TRI(MPA) certificate: (1) have completed 1 500 hours flight time as a pilot on multi-pilot aeroplanes; and (2) have completed, within the 12 months preceding the date of application, 30 route sectors, including take-offs and landings, as PIC or co-pilot on the applicable aeroplane type, of which 15 sectors may be completed in an FFS representing that type;

(c)

for a TRI(SPA) certificate: (1) have completed, within the 12 months preceding the date of application, 30 route sectors, including take-offs and landings, as PIC on the applicable aeroplane type, of which 15 sectors may be completed in an FFS representing that type; and (2) (i) have competed at least 500 hours flight time as pilot on aeroplanes, including 30 hours as PIC on the applicable type of aeroplane; or (ii) hold or have held an FI certificate for multi-engine aeroplanes with IR(A) privileges;

(d)

for TRI(H): (1) for a TRI(H) certificate for single-pilot single-engine helicopters, have completed 250 hours as a pilot on helicopters; (2) for a TRI(H) certificate for single-pilot multi-engine helicopters, have completed 500 hours as pilot of helicopters, including 100 hours as PIC on single-pilot multi-engine helicopters; (3) for a TRI(H) certificate for multi-pilot helicopters, have completed 1 000 hours of flight time as a pilot on helicopters, including: (i) 350 hours as a pilot on multi-pilot helicopters; or (ii) for applicants already holding a TRI(H) certificate for single-pilot multi-engine helicopters, 100 hours as pilot of that type in multi-pilot operations. (4) Holders of an FI(H) certificate shall be fully credited towards the requirements of (1) and (2) in the relevant single-pilot helicopter;

(e)

for TRI(PL): (1) have completed 1 500 hours flight time as a pilot on multi-pilot aeroplanes, powered-lift, or multi-pilot helicopters; and (2) have completed, within the 12 months preceding the application, 30 route sectors, including take-offs and landings, as PIC or co-pilot on the applicable powered-lift type, of which 15 sectors may be completed in an FFS representing that type.

FCL.930.TRI   TRI — Training course

(a)   The TRI training course shall include, at least:

(1)	25 hours of teaching and learning;

(2)	10 hours of technical training, including revision of technical knowledge, the preparation of lesson plans and the development of classroom/simulator instructional skills;

(3)	5 hours of flight instruction on the appropriate aircraft or a simulator representing that aircraft for single-pilot aircraft and 10 hours for multi-pilot aircraft or a simulator representing that aircraft.

(b)   Applicants holding or having held an instructor certificate shall be fully credited towards the requirement of (a)(1).

(c)   An applicant for a TRI certificate who holds an SFI certificate for the relevant type shall be fully credited towards the requirements of this paragraph for the issue of a TRI certificate restricted to flight instruction in simulators.

FCL.935.TRI   TRI — Assessment of competence

If the TRI assessment of competence is conducted in an FFS, the TRI certificate shall be restricted to flight instruction in FFSs.

The restriction shall be lifted when the TRI has passed the assessment of competence on an aircraft.

FCL.940.TRI   TRI — Revalidation and renewal

(a)   Revalidation

(1)

Aeroplanes. For revalidation of a TRI(A) certificate, the applicant shall, within the last 12 months preceding the expiry date of the certificate, fulfil one of the following 3 requirements: (i) conduct one of the following parts of a complete type rating training course: simulator session of at least 3 hours or one air exercise of at least 1 hour comprising a minimum of 2 take-offs and landings; (ii) receive instructor refresher training as a TRI at an ATO; (iii) pass the assessment of competence in accordance with FCL.935.

(2)

Helicopters and powered lift. For revalidation of a TRI (H) or TRI(PL) certificate, the applicant shall, within the validity period of the TRI certificate, fulfil 2 of the following 3 requirements: (i) complete 50 hours of flight instruction on each of the types of aircraft for which instructional privileges are held or in an FSTD representing those types, of which at least 15 hours shall be within the 12 months preceding the expiry date of the TRI certificate. In the case of TRI(PL), these hours of flight instruction shall be flown as a TRI or type rating examiner (TRE), or SFI or synthetic flight examiner (SFE). In the case of TRI(H), time flown as FI, instrument rating instructor (IRI), synthetic training instructor (STI) or as any kind of examiner shall also be relevant for this purpose; (ii) receive instructor refresher training as a TRI at an ATO; (iii) pass the assessment of competence in accordance with FCL.935.

(3)	For at least each alternate revalidation of a TRI certificate, the holder shall have to pass the assessment of competence in accordance with FCL.935.

(4)	If a person holds a TRI certificate on more than one type of aircraft within the same category, the assessment of competence taken on one of those types shall revalidate the TRI certificate for the other types held within the same category of aircraft.

(5)	Specific requirements for revalidation of a TRI(H). A TRI(H) holding an FI(H) certificate on the relevant type shall have full credit towards the requirements in (a) above. In this case, the TRI(H) certificate will be valid until the expiry date of the FI(H) certificate.

(b)   Renewal

(1)

Aeroplanes. If the TRI (A) certificate has lapsed the applicant shall have: (i) completed within the last 12 months preceding the application at least 30 route sectors, to include take-offs and landings on the applicable aeroplane type, of which not more than 15 sectors may be completed in a flight simulator; (ii) completed the relevant parts of a TRI course at an approved ATO; (iii) conducted on a complete type rating course at least 3 hours of flight instruction on the applicable type of aeroplane under the supervision of a TRI(A).

(2)

Helicopters and powered lift. If the TRI (H) or TRI(PL) certificate has lapsed, the applicant shall, within a period of 12 months before renewal: (i) receive instructor refresher training as a TRI at an ATO, which should cover the relevant elements of the TRI training course; and (ii) pass the assessment of competence in accordance with FCL.935 in each of the types of aircraft in which renewal of the instructional privileges is sought.

SECTION 5

Specific requirements for the class rating instructor — CRI

FCL.905.CRI   CRI — Privileges and conditions

(a)   The privileges of a CRI are to instruct for:

(1)	the issue, revalidation or renewal of a class or type rating for non-complex non-high performance single-pilot aeroplanes, when the privileges sought by the applicant are to fly in single-pilot operations;

(2)	a towing or aerobatic rating for the aeroplane category, provided the CRI holds the relevant rating and has demonstrated the ability to instruct for that rating to an FI qualified in accordance with FCL.905.FI(i).

(b)   The privileges of a CRI are restricted to the class or type of aeroplane in which the instructor assessment of competence was taken. The privileges of the CRI shall be extended to further classes or types when the CRI has completed, within the last 12 months:

(1)	15 hours flight time as PIC on aeroplanes of the applicable class or type of aeroplane;

(2)	one training flight from the right hand seat under the supervision of another CRI or FI qualified for that class or type occupying the other pilot’s seat.

FCL.915.CRI   CRI — Prerequisites

An applicant for a CRI certificate shall have completed at least:

(a)	for multi-engine aeroplanes: (1) 500 hours flight time as a pilot on aeroplanes; (2) 30 hours as PIC on the applicable class or type of aeroplane;

(b)	for single-engine aeroplanes: (1) 300 hours flight time as a pilot on aeroplanes; (2) 30 hours as PIC on the applicable class or type of aeroplane.

FCL.930.CRI   CRI — Training course

(a)   The training course for the CRI shall include, at least:

(1)	25 hours of teaching and learning instruction;

(2)	10 hours of technical training, including revision of technical knowledge, the preparation of lesson plans and the development of classroom/simulator instructional skills;

(3)	5 hours of flight instruction on multi-engine aeroplanes, or 3 hours of flight instruction on single-engine aeroplanes, given by an FI(A) qualified in accordance with FCL.905.FI(i).

(b)   Applicants holding or having held an instructor certificate shall be fully credited towards the requirement of (a)(1).

FCL.940.CRI   CRI — Revalidation and renewal

(a)   For revalidation of a CRI certificate the applicant shall, within the 12 months preceding the expiry date of the CRI certificate:

(1)	conduct at least 10 hours of flight instruction in the role of a CRI. If the applicant has CRI privileges on both single-engine and multi-engine aeroplanes, the 10 hours of flight instruction shall be equally divided between single-engine and multi-engine aeroplanes; or

(2)	receive refresher training as a CRI at an ATO; or

(3)	pass the assessment of competence in accordance with FCL.935 for multi-engine or single-engine aeroplanes, as relevant.

(b)   For at least each alternate revalidation of a CRI certificate, the holder shall have to comply with the requirement of (a)(3).

(c)   Renewal. If the CRI certificate has lapsed, the applicant shall, within a period of 12 months before renewal:

(1)	receive refresher training as a CRI at an ATO;

(2)	pass the assessment of competence established in FCL.935.

SECTION 6

Specific requirements for the instrument rating instructor — IRI

FCL.905.IRI   IRI — Privileges and conditions

(a)   The privileges of an IRI are to instruct for the issue, revalidation and renewal of an IR on the appropriate aircraft category.

(b)   Specific requirements for the MPL course. To instruct for the basic phase of training on an MPL course, the IRI(A) shall:

(1)	hold an IR for multi-engine aeroplanes; and

(2)	have completed at least 1 500 hours of flight time in multi-crew operations.

(3)	In the case of IRI already qualified to instruct on ATP(A) or CPL(A)/IR integrated courses, the requirement of (b)(2) may be replaced by the completion of the course provided for in paragraph FCL.905.FI(j)(3).

FCL.915.IRI   IRI — Prerequisites

An applicant for an IRI certificate shall:

(a)	for an IRI(A): (1) have completed at least 800 hours of flight time under IFR, of which at least 400 hours shall be in aeroplanes; and (2) in the case of applicants of an IRI(A) for multi-engine aeroplanes, meet the requirements of paragraph FCL.915.CRI(a);

(b)	for an IRI(H): (1) have completed at least 500 hours of flight time under IFR, of which at least 250 hours shall be instrument flight time in helicopters; and (2) in the case of applicants for an IR(H) for multi-pilot helicopters, meet the requirements of FCL.905.FI(g)(3)(ii);

(c)	for an IRI(As), have completed at least 300 hours of flight time under IFR, of which at least 100 hours shall be instrument flight time in airships.

FCL.930.IRI   IRI — Training course

(a)   The training course for the IRI shall include, at least:

(1)	25 hours of teaching and learning instruction;

(2)	10 hours of technical training, including revision of instrument theoretical knowledge, the preparation of lesson plans and the development of classroom instructional skills;

(3)

(i) for the IRI(A), at least 10 hours of flight instruction on an aeroplane, FFS, FTD 2/3 or FPNT II. In the case of applicants holding an FI(A) certificate, these hours are reduced to 5; (ii) for the IRI(H), at least 10 hours of flight instruction on a helicopter, FFS, FTD 2/3 or FNPT II/III; (iii) for the IRI(As), at least 10 hours of flight instruction on an airship, FFS, FTD 2/3 or FNPT II.

(b)   Flight instruction shall be given by an FI qualified in accordance with FCL.905.FI(i).

(c)   Applicants holding or having held an instructor certificate shall be fully credited towards the requirement of (a)(1).

FCL.940.IRI   IRI — Revalidation and renewal

For revalidation and renewal of an IRI certificate, the holder shall meet the requirements for revalidation and renewal of an FI certificate, in accordance with FCL.940.FI.

SECTION 7

Specific requirements for the synthetic flight instructor — SFI

FCL.905.SFI   SFI — Privileges and conditions

The privileges of an SFI are to carry out synthetic flight instruction, within the relevant aircraft category, for:

(a)	the issue, revalidation and renewal of an IR, provided that he/she holds or has held an IR in the relevant aircraft category and has completed an IRI training course; and

(b)

in the case of SFI for single-pilot aeroplanes: (1) the issue, revalidation and renewal of type ratings for single-pilot high performance complex aeroplanes, when the applicant seeks privileges to operate in single-pilot operations. The privileges of the SFI(SPA) may be extended to flight instruction for single-pilot high performance complex aeroplanes type ratings in multi-pilot operations, provided that he/she: (i) holds an MCCI certificate; or (ii) holds or has held a TRI certificate for multi-pilot aeroplanes; and (2) provided that the privileges of the SFI(SPA) have been extended to multi-pilot operations in accordance with (1): (i) MCC; (ii) the MPL course on the basic phase;

(c)

in the case of SFI for multi-pilot aeroplanes: (1) the issue, revalidation and renewal of type ratings for: (i) multi-pilot aeroplanes; (ii) single-pilot high performance complex aeroplanes when the applicant seeks privileges to operate in multi-pilot operations; (2) MCC; (3) the MPL course on the basic, intermediate and advanced phases, provided that, for the basic phase, he/she holds or has held an FI(A) or an IRI(A) certificate;

(d)	in the case of SFI for helicopters: (1) the issue, revalidation and renewal of helicopter type ratings; (2) MCC training, when the TRI has privileges to instruct for multi-pilot helicopters.

FCL.910.SFI   SFI — Restricted privileges

The privileges of the SFI shall be restricted to the FTD 2/3 or FFS of the aircraft type in which the SFI training course was taken.

The privileges may be extended to other FSTDs representing further types of the same category of aircraft when the holder has:

(a)	satisfactorily completed the simulator content of the relevant type rating course; and

(b)	conducted on a complete type rating course at least 3 hours of flight instruction related to the duties of an SFI on the applicable type under the supervision and to the satisfaction of a TRE qualified for this purpose.

FCL.915.SFI   SFI — Prerequisites

An applicant for an SFI certificate shall:

(a)	hold or have held a CPL, MPL or ATPL in the appropriate aircraft category;

(b)	have completed the proficiency check for the issue of the specific aircraft type rating in an FFS representing the applicable type, within the 12 months preceding the application; and

(c)

additionally, for an SFI(A) for multi-pilot aeroplanes or SFI(PL), have: (1) at least 1 500 hours flight time as a pilot on multi-pilot aeroplanes or powered-lift, as applicable; (2) completed, as a pilot or as an observer, within the 12 months preceding the application, at least: (i) 3 route sectors on the flight deck of the applicable aircraft type; or (ii) 2 line-orientated flight training-based simulator sessions conducted by qualified flight crew on the flight deck of the applicable type. These simulator sessions shall include 2 flights of at least 2 hours each between 2 different aerodromes, and the associated pre-flight planning and de-briefing;

(d)	additionally, for an SFI(A) for single-pilot high performance complex aeroplanes: (1) have completed at least 500 hours of flight time as PIC on single-pilot aeroplanes; (2) hold or have held a multi-engine IR(A) rating; and (3) have met the requirements in (c)(2);

(e)

additionally, for an SFI(H), have: (1) completed, as a pilot or as an observer, at least 1 hour of flight time on the flight deck of the applicable type, within the 12 months preceding the application; and (2) in the case of multi-pilot helicopters, at least 1 000 hours of flying experience as a pilot on helicopters, including at least 350 hours as a pilot on multi-pilot helicopters; (3) in the case of single-pilot multi-engine helicopters, completed 500 hours as pilot of helicopters, including 100 hours as PIC on single-pilot multi-engine helicopters; (4) in the case of single-pilot single-engine helicopters, completed 250 hours as a pilot on helicopters.

FCL.930.SFI   SFI — Training course

(a)   The training course for the SFI shall include:

(1)	the FSTD content of the applicable type rating course;

(2)	the content of the TRI training course.

(b)   An applicant for an SFI certificate who holds a TRI certificate for the relevant type shall be fully credited towards the requirements of this paragraph.

FCL.940.SFI   SFI — Revalidation and renewal

(a)   Revalidation. For revalidation of an SFI certificate the applicant shall, within the validity period of the SFI certificate, fulfil 2 of the following 3 requirements:

(1)	complete 50 hours as an instructor or an examiner in FSTDs, of which at least 15 hours shall be within the 12 months preceding the expiry date of the SFI certificate;

(2)	receive instructor refresher training as an SFI at an ATO;

(3)	pass the relevant sections of the assessment of competence in accordance with FCL.935.

(b)   Additionally, the applicant shall have completed, on an FFS, the proficiency checks for the issue of the specific aircraft type ratings representing the types for which privileges are held.

(c)   For at least each alternate revalidation of an SFI certificate, the holder shall have to comply with the requirement of (a)(3).

(d)   Renewal. If the SFI certificate has lapsed, the applicant shall, within the 12 months preceding the application:

(1)	complete the simulator content of the SFI training course;

(2)	fulfil the requirements specified in (a)(2) and (3).

SECTION 8

Specific requirements for the multi-crew cooperation instructor — MCCI

FCL.905.MCCI   MCCI — Privileges and conditions

(a)   The privileges of an MCCI are to carry out flight instruction during:

(1)	the practical part of MCC courses when not combined with type rating training; and

(2)	in the case of MCCI(A), the basic phase of the MPL integrated training course, provided he/she holds or has held an FI(A) or an IRI(A) certificate.

FCL.910.MCCI   MCCI — Restricted privileges

The privileges of the holder of an MCCI certificate shall be restricted to the FNPT II/III MCC, FTD 2/3 or FFS in which the MCCI training course was taken.

The privileges may be extended to other FSTDs representing further types of aircraft when the holder has completed the practical training of the MCCI course on that type of FNPT II/III MCC, FTD 2/3 or FFS.

FCL.915.MCCI   MCCI — Prerequisites

An applicant for an MCCI certificate shall:

(a)	hold or have held a CPL, MPL or ATPL in the appropriate aircraft category;

(b)

have at least: (1) in the case of aeroplanes, airships and powered-lift aircraft, 1 500 hours of flying experience as a pilot on multi-pilot operations; (2) in the case of helicopters, 1 000 hours of flying experience as a pilot in multi-crew operations, of which at least 350 hours in multi-pilot helicopters.

FCL.930.MCCI   MCCI — Training course

(a)   The training course for the MCCI shall include, at least:

(1)	25 hours of teaching and learning instruction;

(2)	technical training related to the type of FSTD where the applicant wishes to instruct;

(3)

3 hours of practical instruction, which may be flight instruction or MCC instruction on the relevant FNPT II/III MCC, FTD 2/3 or FFS, under the supervision of a TRI, SFI or MCCI nominated by the ATO for that purpose. These hours of flight instruction under supervision shall include the assessment of the applicant’s competence as described in FCL.920.

(b)   Applicants holding or having held an FI, TRI, CRI, IRI or SFI certificate shall be fully credited towards the requirement of (a)(1).

FCL.940.MCCI   MCCI — Revalidation and renewal

(a)   For revalidation of an MCCI certificate the applicant shall have completed the requirements of FCL.930.MCCI(a)(3) on the relevant type of FNPT II/III, FTD 2/3 or FFS, within the last 12 months of the validity period of the MCCI certificate.

(b)   Renewal. If the MCCI certificate has lapsed, the applicant shall complete the requirements of FCL.930.MCCI(a)(2) and (3) on the relevant type of FNPT II/III MCC, FTD 2/3 or FFS.

SECTION 9

Specific requirements for the synthetic training instructor — STI

FCL.905.STI   STI — Privileges and conditions

(a)   The privileges of an STI are to carry out synthetic flight instruction in the appropriate aircraft category for:

(1)	the issue of a licence;

(2)	the issue, revalidation or renewal of an IR and a class or type rating for single-pilot aircraft, except for single-pilot high performance complex aeroplanes.

(b)   Additional privileges for the STI(A). The privileges of an STI(A) shall include synthetic flight instruction during the core flying skills training of the MPL integrated training course.

FCL.910.STI   STI — Restricted privileges

The privileges of an STI shall be restricted to the FNPT II/III, FTD 2/3 or FFS in which the STI training course was taken.

The privileges may be extended to other FSTDs representing further types of aircraft when the holder has:

(a)	completed the FFS content of the TRI course on the applicable type;

(b)	passed the proficiency check for the specific aircraft type rating on an FFS of the applicable type, within the 12 months preceding the application;

(c)	conducted, on a type rating course, at least one FSTD session related to the duties of an STI with a minimum duration of 3 hours on the applicable type of aircraft, under the supervision of a flight instructor examiner (FIE).

FCL.915.STI   STI — Prerequisites

An applicant for an STI certificate shall:

(a)	hold, or have held within the 3 years prior to the application, a pilot licence and instructional privileges appropriate to the courses on which instruction is intended;

(b)	have completed in an FNPT the relevant proficiency check for the class or type rating, within a period of 12 months preceding the application. An applicant for an STI(A) wishing to instruct on BITDs only, shall complete only the exercises appropriate for a skill test for the issue of a PPL(A);

(c)	additionally, for an STI(H), have completed at least 1 hour of flight time as an observer on the flight deck of the applicable type of helicopter, within the 12 months preceding the application.

FCL.930.STI   STI — Training course

(a)   The training course for the STI shall comprise at least 3 hours of flight instruction related to the duties of an STI in an FFS, FTD 2/3 or FNPT II/III, under the supervision of an FIE. These hours of flight instruction under supervision shall include the assessment of the applicant’s competence as described in FCL.920.

Applicants for an STI(A) wishing to instruct on a BITD only, shall complete the flight instruction on a BITD.

(b)   For applicants for an STI(H), the course shall also include the FFS content of the applicable TRI course.

FCL.940.STI   Revalidation and renewal of the STI certificate

(a)   Revalidation. For revalidation of an STI certificate the applicant shall have, within the last 12 months of the validity period of the STI certificate:

(1)	conducted at least 3 hours of flight instruction in an FFS or FNPT II/III or BITD, as part of a complete CPL, IR, PPL or class or type rating course; and

(2)

passed in the FFS, FTD 2/3 or FNPT II/III on which flight instruction is routinely conducted, the applicable sections of the proficiency check in accordance with Appendix 9 to this Part for the appropriate class or type of aircraft. For an STI(A) instructing on BITDs only, the proficiency check shall include only the exercises appropriate for a skill test for the issue of a PPL(A).

(b)   Renewal. If the STI certificate has lapsed, the applicant shall:

(1)	receive refresher training as an STI at an ATO;

(2)

pass in the FFS, FTD 2/3 or FNPT II/III on which flight instruction is routinely conducted, the applicable sections of the proficiency check in accordance with Appendix 9 to this Part for the appropriate class or type of aircraft. For an STI(A) instructing on BITDs only, the proficiency check shall include only the exercises appropriate for a skill test for the issue of a PPL(A);

(3)	conduct on a complete CPL, IR, PPL or class or type rating course, at least 3 hours of flight instruction under the supervision of an FI, CRI(A), IRI or TRI(H) nominated by the ATO for this purpose. At least 1 hour of flight instruction shall be supervised by an FIE(A).

SECTION 10

Mountain rating instructor — MI

FCL.905.MI   MI — Privileges and conditions

The privileges of an MI are to carry out flight instruction for the issue of a mountain rating.

FCL.915.MI   MI — Prerequisites

An applicant for an MI certificate shall:

(a)	hold a, FI, CRI, or TRI certificate, with privileges for single-pilot aeroplanes;

(b)	hold a mountain rating.

FCL.930.MI   MI — Training course

(a)   The training course for the MI shall include the assessment of the applicant’s competence as described in FCL.920.

(b)   Before attending the course, applicants shall have passed a pre-entry flight test with an MI holding an FI certificate to assess their experience and ability to undertake the training course.

FCL.940.MI   Validity of the MI certificate

The MI certificate is valid as long as the, FI, TRI or CRI certificate is valid.

SECTION 11

Specific requirements for the flight test instructor — FTI

FCL.905.FTI   FTI — Privileges and conditions

(a)   The privileges of a flight test instructor (FTI) are to instruct, within the appropriate aircraft category, for:

(1)	the issue of category 1 or 2 flight test ratings, provided he/she holds the relevant category of flight test rating;

(2)	the issue of an FTI certificate, within the relevant category of flight test rating, provided that the instructor has at least 2 years of experience instructing for the issue of flight test ratings.

(b)   The privileges of an FTI holding a category 1 flight test rating include the provision of flight instruction also in relation to category 2 flight test ratings.

FCL.915.FTI   FTI — Prerequisites

An applicant for an FTI certificate shall:

(a)	hold a flight test rating issued in accordance with FCL.820;

(b)	have completed at least 200 hours of category 1 or 2 flight tests.

FCL.930.FTI   FTI — Training course

(a)   The training course for the FTI shall include, at least:

(1)	25 hours of teaching and learning;

(2)	10 hours of technical training, including revision of technical knowledge, the preparation of lesson plans and the development of classroom/simulator instructional skills;

(3)	5 hours of practical flight instruction under the supervision of an FTI qualified in accordance with FCL.905.FTI(b). These hours of flight instruction shall include the assessment of the applicant’s competence as described in FCL.920.

(b)   Crediting:

(1)	Applicants holding or having held an instructor certificate shall be fully credited towards the requirement of (a)(1).

(2)	In addition, applicants holding or having held an FI or TRI certificate in the relevant aircraft category shall be fully credited towards the requirements of (a)(2).

FCL.940.FTI   FTI — Revalidation and renewal

(a)   Revalidation. For revalidation of an FTI certificate, the applicant shall, within the validity period of the FTI certificate, fulfil one of the following requirements:

(1)	complete at least: (i) 50 hours of flight tests, of which at least 15 hours shall be within the 12 months preceding the expiry date of the FTI certificate; and (ii) 5 hours of flight test flight instruction within the 12 months preceding the expiry date of the FTI certificate; or

(2)

receive refresher training as an FTI at an ATO. The refresher training shall be based on the practical flight instruction element of the FTI training course, in accordance with FCL.930.FTI(a)(3), and include at least 1 instruction flight under the supervision of an FTI qualified in accordance with FCL.905.FTI(b).

(b)   Renewal. If the FTI certificate has lapsed, the applicant shall receive refresher training as an FTI at an ATO. The refresher training shall comply at least with the requirements of FCL.930.FTI(a)(3).

SUBPART K

EXAMINERS

SECTION 1

Common requirements

FCL.1000   Examiner certificates

(a)   General. Holders of an examiner certificate shall:

(1)	hold an equivalent licence, rating or certificate to the ones for which they are authorised to conduct skill tests, proficiency checks or assessments of competence and the privilege to instruct for them;

(2)	be qualified to act as PIC on the aircraft during a skill test, proficiency check or assessment of competence when conducted on the aircraft.

(b)   Special conditions:

(1)

In the case of introduction of new aircraft in the Member States or in an operator’s fleet, when compliance with the requirements in this Subpart is not possible, the competent authority may issue a specific certificate giving privileges for the conduct of skill tests and proficiency checks. Such a certificate shall be limited to the skill tests and proficiency checks necessary for the introduction of the new type of aircraft and its validity shall not, in any case, exceed 1 year.

(2)	Holders of a certificate issued in accordance with (b)(1) who wish to apply for an examiner certificate shall comply with the prerequisites and revalidation requirements for that category of examiner.

(c)   Examination outside the territory of the Member States:

(1)

Notwithstanding paragraph (a), in the case of skill tests and proficiency checks provided in an ATO located outside the territory of the Member States, the competent authority of the Member State may issue an examiner certificate to an applicant holding a pilot licence issued by a third country in accordance with ICAO Annex 1, provided that the applicant: (i) holds at least an equivalent licence, rating, or certificate to the one for which they are authorised to conduct skill tests, proficiency checks or assessments of competence, and in any case at least a CPL; (ii) complies with the requirements established in this Subpart for the issue of the relevant examiner certificate; and (iii) demonstrates to the competent authority an adequate level of knowledge of European aviation safety rules to be able to exercise examiner privileges in accordance with this Part.

(2)	The certificate referred to in paragraph (1) shall be limited to providing skill tests and proficiency tests/checks: (i) outside the territory of the Member States; and (ii) to pilots who have sufficient knowledge of the language in which the test/check is given.

FCL.1005   Limitation of privileges in case of vested interests

Examiners shall not conduct:

(a)

skill tests or assessments of competence of applicants for the issue of a licence, rating or certificate: (1) to whom they have provided flight instruction for the licence, rating or certificate for which the skill test or assessment of competence is being taken; or (2) when they have been responsible for the recommendation for the skill test, in accordance with FCL.030(b);

(b)	skill tests, proficiency checks or assessments of competence whenever they feel that their objectivity may be affected.

FCL.1010   Prerequisites for examiners

Applicants for an examiner certificate shall demonstrate:

(a)	relevant knowledge, background and appropriate experience related to the privileges of an examiner;

(b)	that they have not been subject to any sanctions, including the suspension, limitation or revocation of any of their licences, ratings or certificates issued in accordance with this Part, for non-compliance with the Basic Regulation and its Implementing Rules during the last 3 years.

FCL.1015   Examiner standardisation

(a)   Applicants for an examiner certificate shall undertake a standardisation course provided by the competent authority or by an ATO and approved by the competent authority.

(b)   The standardisation course shall consist of theoretical and practical instruction and shall include, at least:

(1)	the conduct of 2 skill tests, proficiency checks or assessments of competences for the licences, ratings or certificates for which the applicant seeks the privilege to conduct tests and checks;

(2)	instruction on the applicable requirements in this part and the applicable air operations requirements, the conduct of skill tests, proficiency checks and assessments of competence, and their documentation and reporting;

(3)	a briefing on the national administrative procedures, requirements for protection of personal data, liability, accident insurance and fees.

(c)   Holders of an examiner certificate shall not conduct skill tests, proficiency checks or assessments of competence of an applicant for which the competent authority is not the same that issued the examiner’s certificate, unless:

(1)	they have informed the competent authority of the applicant of their intention to conduct the skill test, proficiency check or assessment of competence and of the scope of their privileges as examiners;

(2)	they have received a briefing from the competent authority of the applicant on the elements mentioned in (b)(3).

FCL.1020   Examiners assessment of competence

Applicants for an examiner certificate shall demonstrate their competence to an inspector from the competent authority or a senior examiner specifically authorised to do so by the competent authority responsible for the examiner’s certificate through the conduct of a skill test, proficiency check or assessment of competence in the examiner role for which privileges are sought, including briefing, conduct of the skill test, proficiency check or assessment of competence, and assessment of the person to whom the test, check or assessment is given, debriefing and recording documentation.

FCL.1025   Validity, revalidation and renewal of examiner certificates

(a)   Validity. An examiner certificate shall be valid for 3 years.

(b)   Revalidation. An examiner certificate shall be revalidated when the holder has, during the validity period of the certificate:

(1)	conducted at least 2 skill tests, proficiency checks or assessments of competence every year;

(2)	attended an examiner refresher seminar provided by the competent authority or by an ATO and approved by the competent authority, during the last year of the validity period.

(3)

One of the skill tests or proficiency checks completed during the last year of the validity period in accordance with (1) shall have been assessed by an inspector from the competent authority or by a senior examiner specifically authorised to do so by the competent authority responsible for the examiner’s certificate.

(4)

When the applicant for the revalidation holds privileges for more than one category of examiner, combined revalidation of all examiner privileges may be achieved when the applicant complies with the requirements in (b)(1) and (2) and FCL.1020 for one of the categories of examiner certificate held, in agreement with the competent authority.

(c)   Renewal. If the certificate has expired, applicants shall comply with the requirements of (b)(2) and FCL.1020 before they can resume the exercise of the privileges.

(d)   An examiner certificate shall only be revalidated or renewed if the applicant demonstrates continued compliance with the requirements in FCL.1010 and FCL.1030.

FCL.1030   Conduct of skill tests, proficiency checks and assessments of competence

(a)   When conducting skill tests, proficiency checks and assessments of competence, examiners shall:

(1)	ensure that communication with the applicant can be established without language barriers;

(2)	verify that the applicant complies with all the qualification, training and experience requirements in this Part for the issue, revalidation or renewal of the licence, rating or certificate for which the skill test, proficiency check or assessment of competence is taken;

(3)	make the applicant aware of the consequences of providing incomplete, inaccurate or false information related to their training and flight experience.

(b)   After completion of the skill test or proficiency check, the examiner shall:

(1)

inform the applicant of the result of the test. In the event of a partial pass or fail, the examiner shall inform the applicant that he/she may not exercise the privileges of the rating until a full pass has been obtained. The examiner shall detail any further training requirement and explain the applicant’s right of appeal;

(2)

in the event of a pass in a proficiency check or assessment of competence for revalidation or renewal, endorse the applicant’s licence or certificate with the new expiry date of the rating or certificate, if specifically authorised for that purpose by the competent authority responsible for the applicant’s licence;

(3)

provide the applicant with a signed report of the skill test or proficiency check and submit without delay copies of the report to the competent authority responsible for the applicant’s licence, and to the competent authority that issued the examiner certificate. The report shall include: (i) a declaration that the examiner has received information from the applicant regarding his/her experience and instruction, and found that experience and instruction complying with the applicable requirements in this Part; (ii) confirmation that all the required manoeuvres and exercises have been completed, as well as information on the verbal theoretical knowledge examination, when applicable. If an item has been failed, the examiner shall record the reasons for this assessment; (iii) the result of the test, check or assessment of competence.

(c)   Examiners shall maintain records for 5 years with details of all skill tests, proficiency checks and assessments of competence performed and their results.

(d)   Upon request by the competent authority responsible for the examiner certificate, or the competent authority responsible for the applicant’s licence, examiners shall submit all records and reports, and any other information, as required for oversight activities.

SECTION 2

Specific requirements for flight examiners — FE

FCL.1005.FE   FE — Privileges and conditions

(a)   FE(A). The privileges of an FE for aeroplanes are to conduct:

(1)

skill tests for the issue of the PPL(A) and skill tests and proficiency checks for associated single-pilot class and type ratings, except for single-pilot high performance complex aeroplanes, provided that the examiner has completed at least 1 000 hours of flight time as a pilot on aeroplanes or TMGs, including at least 250 hours of flight instruction;

(2)

skill tests for the issue of the CPL(A) and skill tests and proficiency checks for the associated single-pilot class and type ratings, except for single-pilot high performance complex aeroplanes, provided that the examiner has completed at least 2 000 hours of flight time as a pilot on aeroplanes or TMGs, including at least 250 hours of flight instruction;

(3)	skill tests and proficiency checks for the LAPL(A), provided that the examiner has completed at least 500 hours of flight time as a pilot on aeroplanes or TMGs, including at least 100 hours of flight instruction;

(4)	skill tests for the issue of a mountain rating, provided that the examiner has completed at least 500 hours of flight time as a pilot on aeroplanes or TMGs, including at least 500 take-offs and landings of flight instruction for the mountain rating.

(b)   FE(H). The privileges of an FE for helicopters are to conduct:

(1)

skill tests for the issue of the PPL(H) and skill tests and proficiency checks for single-pilot single-engine helicopter type ratings entered in a PPL(H), provided that the examiner has completed 1 000 hours of flight time as a pilot on helicopters, including at least 250 hours of flight instruction;

(2)	skill tests for the issue of the CPL(H) and skill tests and proficiency checks for single-pilot single-engine helicopter type ratings entered in a CPL(H), provided the examiner has completed 2 000 hours of flight time as pilot on helicopters, including at least 250 hours of flight instruction;

(3)	skill tests and proficiency checks for single-pilot multi-engine helicopter type ratings entered in a PPL(H) or a CPL(H), provided the examiner has completed the requirements in (1) or (2), as applicable, and holds a CPL(H) or ATPL(H) and, when applicable, an IR(H);

(4)	skill tests and proficiency checks for the LAPL(H), provided that the examiner has completed at least 500 hours of flight time as a pilot on helicopters, including at least 150 hours of flight instruction.

(c)   FE(As). The privileges of an FE for airships are to conduct skill tests for the issue of the PPL(As) and CPL(As) and skill tests and proficiency checks for the associated airship type ratings, provided that the examiner has completed 500 hours of flight time as a pilot on airships, including 100 hours of flight instruction.

(d)   FE(S). The privileges of an FE for sailplanes are to conduct:

(1)	skill tests and proficiency checks for the SPL and the LAPL(S), provided that the examiner has completed 300 hours of flight time as a pilot on sailplanes or powered sailplanes, including 150 hours or 300 launches of flight instruction;

(2)	proficiency checks for the extension of the SPL privileges to commercial operations, provided that the examiner has completed 300 hours of flight time as a pilot on sailplanes or powered sailplanes, including 90 hours of flight instruction;

(3)	skill tests for the extension of the SPL or LAPL(S) privileges to TMG, provided that the examiner has completed 300 hours of flight time as a pilot on sailplanes or powered sailplanes, including 50 hours of flight instruction on TMG.

(e)   FE(B). The privileges of an FE for balloons are to conduct:

(1)	skill tests for the issue of the BPL and the LAPL(B) and skill tests and proficiency checks for the extension of the privileges to another balloon class or group, provided that the examiner has completed 250 hours of flight time as a pilot on balloons, including 50 hours of flight instruction;

(2)

proficiency checks for the extension of the BPL privileges to commercial operations, provided that the examiner has completed 300 hours of flight time as a pilot on balloons, of which 50 hours in the same group of balloons for which the extension is sought. The 300 hours of flight time shall include 50 hours of flight instruction.

FCL.1010.FE   FE — Prerequisites

An applicant for an FE certificate shall hold:

an FI certificate in the appropriate aircraft category.

SECTION 3

Specific requirements for type rating examiners — TRE

FCL.1005.TRE   TRE — Privileges and conditions

(a)   TRE(A) and TRE(PL). The privileges of a TRE for aeroplanes or powered-lift aircraft are to conduct:

(1)	skill tests for the initial issue of type ratings for aeroplanes or powered-lift aircraft, as applicable;

(2)	proficiency checks for revalidation or renewal of type and IRs;

(3)	skill tests for ATPL(A) issue;

(4)	skill tests for MPL issue, provided that the examiner has complied with the requirements in FCL.925;

(5)	assessments of competence for the issue, revalidation or renewal of a TRI or SFI certificate in the applicable aircraft category, provided that the examiner has completed at least 3 years as a TRE.

(b)   TRE(H). The privileges of a TRE(H) are to conduct:

(1)	skill tests and proficiency checks for the issue, revalidation or renewal of helicopter type ratings;

(2)	proficiency checks for the revalidation or renewal of IRs, or for the extension of the IR(H) from single-engine helicopters to multi-engine helicopters, provided the TRE(H) holds a valid IR(H);

(3)	skill tests for ATPL(H) issue;

(4)	assessments of competence for the issue, revalidation or renewal of a TRI(H) or SFI(H) certificate, provided that the examiner has completed at least 3 years as a TRE.

FCL.1010.TRE   TRE — Prerequisites

(a)   TRE(A) and TRE(PL). Applicants for a TRE certificate for aeroplanes and powered-lift aircraft shall:

(1)	in the case of multi-pilot aeroplanes or powered-lift aircraft, have completed 1 500 hours of flight time as a pilot of multi-pilot aeroplanes or powered-lift aircraft, as applicable, of which at least 500 hours shall be as PIC;

(2)	in the case of single-pilot high performance complex aeroplanes, have completed 500 hours of flight time as a pilot of single-pilot aeroplanes, of which at least 200 hours shall be as PIC;

(3)	hold a CPL or ATPL and a TRI certificate for the applicable type;

(4)	for the initial issue of an TRE certificate, have completed at least 50 hours of flight instruction as a TRI, FI or SFI in the applicable type or an FSTD representing that type.

(b)   TRE(H). Applicants for a TRE (H) certificate for helicopters shall:

(1)	hold a TRI(H) certificate or, in the case of single-pilot single-engine helicopters, a valid FI(H) certificate, for the applicable type;

(2)	for the initial issue of a TRE certificate, have completed 50 hours of flight instruction as a TRI, FI or SFI in the applicable type or an FSTD representing that type;

(3)	in the case of multi-pilot helicopters, hold a CPL(H) or ATPL(H) and have completed 1 500 hours of flight as a pilot on multi-pilot helicopters, of which at least 500 hours shall be as PIC;

(4)	in the case of single-pilot multi-engine helicopters: (i) have completed 1 000 hours of flight as pilot on helicopters, of which at least 500 hours shall be as PIC; (ii) hold a CPL(H) or ATPL(H) and, when applicable, a valid IR(H);

(5)	in the case of single-pilot single-engine helicopters: (i) have completed 750 hours of flight as a pilot on helicopters, of which at least 500 hours shall be as PIC; (ii) hold a professional helicopter pilot licence.

(6)	Before the privileges of a TRE(H) are extended from single-pilot multi-engine to multi-pilot multi-engine privileges on the same type of helicopter, the holder shall have at least 100 hours in multi-pilot operations on this type.

(7)

In the case of applicants for the first multi-pilot multi-engine TRE certificate, the 1 500 hours of flight experience on multi-pilot helicopters required in (b)(3) may be considered to have been met if they have completed the 500 hours of flight time as PIC on a multi-pilot helicopter of the same type.

SECTION 4

Specific requirements for Class Rating Examiner — CRE

FCL.1005.CRE   CRE — Privileges

The privileges of a CRE are to conduct, for single-pilot aeroplanes, except for single-pilot high performance complex aeroplanes:

(a)	skill tests for the issue of class and type ratings;

(b)	proficiency checks for: (1) revalidation or renewal of class and type ratings; (2) revalidation and renewal of IRs, provided that the CRE complies with the requirements in FCL.1010.IRE(a).

FCL.1010.CRE   CRE — Prerequisites

Applicants for a CRE certificate shall:

(a)	hold a CPL(A), MPL(A) or ATPL(A) with single-pilot privileges or have held it and hold a PPL(A);

(b)	hold a CRI certificate for the applicable class or type;

(c)	have completed 500 hours of flight time as a pilot on aeroplanes.

SECTION 5

Specific requirements for Instrument Rating Examiner — IRE

FCL.1005.IRE   IRE — Privileges

The privileges of the holder of an IRE certificate are to conduct skill tests for the issue, and proficiency checks for the revalidation or renewal of IRs.

FCL.1010.IRE   IRE — Prerequisites

(a)   IRE(A). Applicants for an IRE certificate for aeroplanes shall hold an IRI(A) and have completed:

(1)	2 000 hours of flight time as a pilot of aeroplanes; and

(2)	450 hours of flight time under IFR, of which 250 hours shall be as an instructor.

(b)   IRE(H). Applicants for an IRE certificate for helicopters shall hold an IRI(H) and have completed:

(1)	2 000 hours of flight time as a pilot on helicopters; and

(2)	300 hours of instrument flight time on helicopters, of which 200 hours shall be as an instructor.

(c)   IRE(As). Applicants for an IRE certificate for airships shall hold an IRI(As) and have completed:

(1)	500 hours of flight time as a pilot on airships; and

(2)	100 hours of instrument flight time on airships, of which 50 hours shall be as an instructor.

SECTION 6

Specific requirements for Synthetic Flight Examiner — SFE

FCL.1005.SFE   SFE — Privileges and conditions

(a)   SFE(A) and SFE(PL). The privileges of an SFE on aeroplanes or powered-lift aircraft are to conduct in an FFS:

(1)	skill tests and proficiency checks for the issue, revalidation or renewal of type ratings for multi-pilot aeroplanes or powered-lift aircraft, as applicable;

(2)	proficiency checks for revalidation or renewal of IRs, provided that the SFE complies with the requirements in FCL.1010.IRE for the applicable aircraft category;

(3)	skill tests for ATPL(A) issue;

(4)	skill tests for MPL issue, provided that the examiner has complied with the requirements in FCL.925;

(5)	assessments of competence for the issue, revalidation or renewal of an SFI certificate in the relevant aircraft category, provided that the examiner has completed at least 3 years as an SFE.

(b)   SFE(H). The privileges of an SFE for helicopters are to conduct in an FFS:

(1)	skill tests and proficiency checks for the issue, revalidation and renewal of type ratings; and

(2)	proficiency checks for the revalidation and renewal of IRs, provided that the SFE complies with the requirements in FCL.1010.IRE(b);

(3)	skill tests for ATPL(H) issue;

(4)	skill tests and proficiency checks for the issue, revalidation or renewal of an SFI(H) certificate, provided that the examiner has completed at least 3 years as an SFE.

FCL.1010.SFE   SFE — Prerequisites

(a)   SFE(A). Applicants for an SFE certificate for aeroplanes shall:

(1)	hold or have held an ATPL(A), a class or type rating and an SFI(A) certificate for the applicable type of aeroplane;

(2)	have at least 1 500 hours of flight time as a pilot on multi-pilot aeroplanes;

(3)	for the initial issue of an SFE certificate, have completed at least 50 hours of synthetic flight instruction as an SFI(A) on the applicable type.

(b)   SFE(H). Applicants for an SFE certificate for helicopters shall:

(1)	hold or have held an ATPL(H), a type rating and an SFI(H) certificate for the applicable type of helicopter;

(2)	have at least 1 000 hours of flight time as a pilot on multi-pilot helicopters;

(3)	for the initial issue of an SFE certificate, have completed at least 50 hours of synthetic flight instruction as an SFI(H) on the applicable type.

SECTION 7

Specific requirements for the flight instructor examiner — FIE

FCL.1005.FIE   FIE — Privileges and conditions

(a)   FIE(A). The privileges of an FIE on aeroplanes are to conduct assessments of competence for the issue, revalidation or renewal of certificates for FI(A), CRI(A), IRI(A) and TRI(A) on single-pilot aeroplanes, provided that the relevant instructor certificate is held.

(b)   FIE(H). The privileges of an FIE on helicopters are to conduct assessments of competence for the issue, revalidation or renewal of certificates for FI(H), IRI(H) and TRI(H) on single-pilot helicopters, provided that the relevant instructor certificate is held.

(c)   FIE(As), (S), (B). The privileges of an FIE on sailplanes, powered sailplanes, balloons and airships are to conduct assessments of competence for the issue, revalidation or renewal of instructor certificates on the applicable aircraft category, provided that the relevant instructor certificate is held.

FCL.1010.FIE   FIE — Prerequisites

(a)   FIE(A). Applicants for an FIE certificate for aeroplanes shall:

in case of applicants wishing to conduct assessments of competence:

(1)	hold the relevant instructor certificate, as applicable;

(2)	have completed 2 000 hours of flight time as a pilot on aeroplanes or TMGs; and

(3)	have at least 100 hours of flight time instructing applicants for an instructor certificate.

(b)   FIE(H). Applicants for an FIE certificate for helicopters shall:

(1)	hold the relevant instructor certificate, as applicable;

(2)	have completed 2 000 hours of flight time as pilot on helicopters;

(3)	have at least 100 hours of flight time instructing applicants for an instructor certificate.

(c)   FIE(As). Applicants for an FIE certificate for airships shall:

(1)	have completed 500 hours of flight time as a pilot on airships;

(2)	have at least 20 hours of flight time instructing applicants for an FI(AS) certificate;

(3)	hold the relevant instructor certificate.

(d)   FIE(S). Applicants for an FIE certificate for sailplanes shall:

(1)	hold the relevant instructor certificate;

(2)	have completed 500 hours of flight time as a pilot on sailplanes or powered sailplanes;

(3)	have completed: (i) for applicants wishing to conduct assessments of competence on TMGs, 10 hours or 30 take-offs instructing applicants for an instructor certificate in TMGs; (ii) in all other cases, 10 hours or 30 launches instructing applicants for an instructor certificate.

(e)   FIE(B). Applicants for an FIE certificate for balloons shall:

(1)	hold the relevant instructor certificate;

(2)	have completed 350 hours of flight time as a pilot on balloons;

(3)	have completed 10 hours instructing applicants for an instructor certificate.